Editing 2022 in science (section)

===April===

*1 April
**Biochemists report finishing the complete sequence of the [[human genome]].<ref name="SCI-20220401">{{#invoke:cite journal ||author=Altemose, Nicolas |display-authors=et al.|title=Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres |date=1 April 2022 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=376 |issue=6588 |pages=eabl4178|doi=10.1126/science.abl4178 |pmid=35357911|pmc=9233505 |s2cid=247853627}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Nurk |first1=Sergey |last2=Koren |first2=Sergey |last3=Rhie |first3=Arang |last4=Rautiainen |first4=Mikko |display-authors=et al. |title=The complete sequence of a human genome |journal=Science |date=April 2022 |volume=376 |issue=6588 |pages=44–53 |doi=10.1126/science.abj6987|pmid=35357919 |pmc=9186530 |bibcode=2022Sci...376...44N |s2cid=247854936 |url=https://eprints.iisc.ac.in/71762/1/Sci_376-6588_44-531_2022%20.pdf }}</ref>
**A study shows that, contrary to widespread belief, body sizes of mammal extinction survivors of the [[Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event|dinosaur-times extinction event]] were the [[Evolutionary radiation#Examples|first to evolutionarily]] increase, with [[brain size]]s increasing <!--only (mostly)-->later in the [[Eocene]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Mammals' bodies outpaced their brains right after the dinosaurs died |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/mammal-big-bodies-small-brains-dinosaur-extinction-fossils |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=[[Science News]] |date=31 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Bertrand |first1=Ornella C. |last2=Shelley |first2=Sarah L. |last3=Williamson |first3=Thomas E. |last4=Wible |first4=John R. |last5=Chester |first5=Stephen G. B. |last6=Flynn |first6=John J. |last7=Holbrook |first7=Luke T. |last8=Lyson |first8=Tyler R. |last9=Meng |first9=Jin |last10=Miller |first10=Ian M. |last11=Püschel |first11=Hans P. |last12=Smith |first12=Thierry |last13=Spaulding |first13=Michelle |last14=Tseng |first14=Z. Jack |last15=Brusatte |first15=Stephen L. |title=Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction |journal=Science |date=April 2022 |volume=376 |issue=6588 |pages=80–85 |doi=10.1126/science.abl5584 |pmid=35357913 |bibcode=2022Sci...376...80B |s2cid=247853831 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl5584|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*4 April
**The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) releases the third and final part of its [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] on [[climate change]], warning that [[greenhouse gas emissions]] must peak before [[2025]] at the latest and decline 43% by [[2030]], in order to likely limit global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C (2.7&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=It's over for fossil fuels: IPCC spells out what's needed to avert climate disaster |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/04/its-over-for-fossil-fuels-ipcc-spells-out-whats-needed-to-avert-climate-disaster |website=The Guardian |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=The evidence is clear: the time for action is now. We can halve emissions by 2030. |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/2022/04/04/ipcc-ar6-wgiii-pressrelease/ |website=IPCC |date=4 April 2022 |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref>
**Researchers announce a new technique for accelerating the development of vaccines and other pharmaceutical products by up to a million times, using much smaller quantities based on [[DNA nanotechnology]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=A million times faster: DNA nanotechnology could speed up pharmaceutical development while minimizing costs |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-04-million-faster-dna-nanotechnology-pharmaceutical.html |website=Phys.org|date=4 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Malle |first1=Mette Galsgaard |last2=Löffler |first2=Philipp M. G. |last3=Bohr |first3=Søren S.-R. |last4=Sletfjerding |first4=Magnus Berg |last5=Risgaard |first5=Nikolaj Alexander |last6=Jensen |first6=Simon Bo |last7=Zhang |first7=Min |last8=Hedegård |first8=Per |last9=Vogel |first9=Stefan |last10=Hatzakis |first10=Nikos S. |title=Single-particle combinatorial multiplexed liposome fusion mediated by DNA |journal=Nature Chemistry |date=May 2022 |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=558–565 |doi=10.1038/s41557-022-00912-5 |pmid=35379901 |bibcode=2022NatCh..14..558M |s2cid=247942781 |language=en |issn=1755-4349}}</ref>
**[[Alzheimer's disease#Research directions|Alzheimer's disease (AD) research]] progress:<br/>A study reports 42 new genes linked to an increased risk of AD.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Alzheimer's study finds 42 more genes linked to higher risk of disease |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/apr/04/alzheimers-study-finds-42-more-genes-linked-to-higher-risk-of-disease |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=4 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Bellenguez |first1=Céline |last2=Küçükali |first2=Fahri |last3=Jansen |first3=Iris E. |last4=Kleineidam |first4=Luca |display-authors=et al. |title=New insights into the genetic etiology of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias |journal=Nature Genetics |date=April 2022 |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=412–436 |doi=10.1038/s41588-022-01024-z |pmid=35379992 |pmc=9005347 |language=en |issn=1546-1718}}</ref> Researchers report a potential primary mechanism of sleep disturbance as an early-stage effect of neurodegenerative diseases.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Loss of neurons, not lack of sleep, makes Alzheimer's patients drowsy |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-loss-neurons-lack-alzheimer-patients.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=University of California, San Francisco |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Oh |first1=Jun Y. |last2=Walsh |first2=Christine M. |last3=Ranasinghe |first3=Kamalini |last4=Mladinov |first4=Mihovil |display-authors=et al. |title=Subcortical Neuronal Correlates of Sleep in Neurodegenerative Diseases |journal=JAMA Neurology |date=1 May 2022 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=498–508 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.0429 |pmid=35377391 |pmc=8981071 |issn=2168-6149}}</ref> Researchers identify several genes associated with [[Brain development|changes in brain structure over lifetime]] and potential AD therapy-targets (5 Apr).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Genetic 'hotspots' that speed up and slow down brain aging could provide new targets for Alzheimer's drugs |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-genetic-hotspots-brain-aging-alzheimer.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[University of Southern California]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Brouwer |first1=Rachel M. |last2=Klein |first2=Marieke |last3=Grasby |first3=Katrina L. |last4=Schnack |first4=Hugo G. |display-authors=et al. |title=Genetic variants associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure across the lifespan |journal=Nature Neuroscience |date=April 2022 |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=421–432 |doi=10.1038/s41593-022-01042-4 |pmid=35383335 |pmc=10040206 |s2cid=247977288 |language=en |issn=1546-1726 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359751868 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
[[File:Dark_Energy.jpg|thumb|5 April: A study suggests that if [[Dark energy#Quintessence|"quintessence" is an explanation for dark-energy]] and current data is true as well, [[Ultimate fate of the universe|the world may start to end]] within the next 100 My, during which [[Accelerating expansion of the universe|accelerating expansion of the Universe]] would inverse to contraction (a [[cyclic model]]).]]
*5 April
**[[COVID-19 pandemic]]: Preclinical data for a new vaccine developed at the [[Medical University of Vienna]] indicates it is effective against all [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV-2 variants]] known to date, including [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant|Omicron]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Study: Newly developed COVID vaccine from Austria could protect against omicron and other variants |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/948759 |website=EurekAlert!|date=5 April 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Gattinger |first1=Pia |last2=Kratzer |first2=Bernhard |last3=Tulaeva |first3=Inna |last4=Niespodziana |first4=Katarzyna |last5=Ohradanova-Repic |first5=Anna |last6=Gebetsberger |first6=Laura |last7=Borochova |first7=Kristina |last8=Garner-Spitzer |first8=Erika |last9=Trapin |first9=Doris |last10=Hofer |first10=Gerhard |last11=Keller |first11=Walter |last12=Baumgartner |first12=Isabella |last13=Tancevski |first13=Ivan |last14=Khaitov |first14=Musa |last15=Karaulov |first15=Alexander |last16=Stockinger |first16=Hannes |last17=Wiedermann |first17=Ursula |last18=Pickl |first18=Winfried F.|last19=Valenta |first19=Rudolf |title=Vaccine based on folded RBD-PreS fusion protein with potential to induce sterilizing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants |journal=Allergy |date=15 April 2022 |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=2431–2445 |doi=10.1111/all.15305 |pmid=35357709 |pmc=9111473 |language=en |issn=0105-4538}}</ref>
**A study presents a mechanism by which [[Dark energy#Quintessence|the hypothesized potential dark-energy-explaining quintessence]], if true, would smoothly cause the [[Accelerating expansion of the universe|accelerating expansion of the Universe]] to inverse to contraction, possibly within the [[cosmology|cosmic]] near-future (100 My) given current data. It concludes that [[Ultimate fate of the universe|its end-time scenario theory]] fits "naturally with [[cyclic model|cyclic cosmologies]] [(each a theory of cycles of [[Big Bounce|universe originations and ends]], rather than the theories of one [[Big Bang]] beginning of the Universe/[[multiverse]], to which authors were major contributors)] and recent conjectures about [[quantum gravity]]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=Predicting how soon the universe could collapse if dark energy has quintessence |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-05-universe-collapse-dark-energy-quintessence.html |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=The universe could stop expanding 'remarkably soon', study suggests |url=https://www.livescience.com/end-cosmic-expansion |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=livescience.com |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Andrei |first1=Cosmin |last2=Ijjas |first2=Anna |last3=Steinhardt |first3=Paul J. |author-link3=Paul Steinhardt|title=Rapidly descending dark energy and the end of cosmic expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 April 2022 |volume=119 |issue=15 |pages=e2200539119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2200539119 |pmid=35380902 |pmc=9169868 |arxiv=2201.07704 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11900539A |s2cid=247476377 |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref>
[[File:Coast Impact.jpg|thumb|6 April: The first known dinosaur fossil linked to the actual day of the Chicxulub impact is reported.]]
* 6 April
**[[U.S. Space Command]], based on information collected from its [[planetary defense]] sensors, confirms the detection of the first known [[interstellar object]]. The purported interstellar meteorite, technically known as [[CNEOS 2014-01-08]], impacted Earth in 2014, and was determined, based on its [[hyperbolic trajectory]] and estimated initial [[Velocity|high velocity]], to be from beyond the [[Solar System]]. The 2014 meteorite was detected three years earlier than the more recent and widely known interstellar objects, [[{{okina}}Oumuamua]] in 2017 and  [[2I/Borisov]] in 2019.<ref name="ARX-20190604">{{cite arXiv |last1=Siraj |first1=Amir |last2=Loeb |first2=Abraham |author-link2=Avi Loeb |title=Discovery of a Meteor of Interstellar Origin |date=4 June 2019 |class=astro-ph.EP |eprint=1904.07224 }}</ref><ref name="TWR-20220406">{{#invoke:cite news ||author=[[United States Space Command]] |title=I had the pleasure of signing a memo with @ussfspoc's Chief Scientist, Dr. Mozer, to confirm that a previously-detected interstellar object was indeed an interstellar object, a confirmation that assisted the broader astronomical community. |url=https://twitter.com/US_SpaceCom/status/1511856370756177921 |date=6 April 2022 |work=[[Twitter]] |access-date=16 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20220415">{{#invoke:cite news ||last=Roulette |first=Joey |title=Military Memo Deepens Possible Interstellar Meteor Mystery – The U.S. Space Command seemed to confirm a claim that a meteor from outside the solar system had entered Earth's atmosphere, but other scientists and NASA are still not convinced. (+ Comment) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/science/interstellar-meteor-debate.html#permid=117852708 |date=15 April 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 April 2022 }}</ref> Further related studies were reported on 1 September 2023.<ref name="SA20230901">{{cite news |last=McRae |first=Mike |title=Material Found in Ocean Is Not From This Solar System, Study Claims |url=https://www.sciencealert.com/material-found-in-ocean-is-not-from-this-solar-system-study-claims |date=1 September 2023 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20230901161613/https://www.sciencealert.com/material-found-in-ocean-is-not-from-this-solar-system-study-claims |archivedate=1 September 2023 |accessdate=1 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name="AXV-20230829">{{cite journal |author=Loeb, Avi |display-authors=et al. |authorlink=Avi Loeb |title=Discovery of Spherules of Likely Extrasolar Composition in the Pacific Ocean Site of the CNEOS 2014-01-08 (IM1) Bolide |date=29 August 2023 |arxiv=2308.15623 }}</ref>
**The first known [[dinosaur]] [[fossil]] linked to the very day of the [[Chicxulub impact]] is reported by paleontologists at the [[Tanis (fossil site)|Tanis]] site in North Dakota.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Tanis: 'First dinosaur fossil linked to asteroid strike' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61013740 |website=BBC News|date=6 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>
**One science journalist reflects on the global management of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in relation to science, investigating [[Research question|the question]] "Why the [[WHO]] took two years to say [[Transmission of COVID-19|COVID is airborne]]"<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Lewis |first1=Dyani |title=Why the WHO took two years to say COVID is airborne |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00925-7 |journal=Nature |access-date=13 May 2022 |pages=26–31 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00925-7 |date=6 April 2022|volume=604 |issue=7904 |pmid=35388203 |bibcode=2022Natur.604...26L |s2cid=248000902 }}</ref> – a finding hundreds of scientists reaffirmed in an [[open letter]] in July 2020<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sealy |first1=Amanda |title=This powerful Covid-19 mitigation measure is invisible |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/10/health/covid-19-ventilation-matters-wellness/index.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=CNN}}</ref> – with one indication that this may be one valid major concern to many expert scientists being several writings published by news outlets.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Tufekci |first1=Zeynep |title=Opinion {{!}} Why Did It Take So Long to Accept the Facts About Covid? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/opinion/coronavirus-airborne-transmission.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=7 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=The Biggest Mistake of the Pandemic Is Still Haunting Us |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-04-26/is-covid-spread-airborne-or-droplet-who-s-delay-still-muddles-precautions |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=26 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
**A study decodes electrical [[Biocommunication (science)#Inter organismic communication|communication]] [[Plant to plant communication via mycorrhizal networks#Behavior and information transfer|between fungi]] into word-like [[semantics|components]] via spiking characteristics.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Mushrooms communicate with each other using up to 50 'words', scientist claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/apr/06/fungi-electrical-impulses-human-language-study |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=5 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Study suggests mushrooms may talk to each other |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/study-suggests-mushrooms-may-talk-to-each-other/ |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Field |first1=Katie |title=Do mushrooms really use language to talk to each other? A fungi expert investigates |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-04-mushrooms-language-fungi-expert.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Adamatzky |first1=Andrew |title=Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity |journal=Royal Society Open Science |year=2022 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=211926 |doi=10.1098/rsos.211926|pmid=35425630 |pmc=8984380 |arxiv=2112.09907 |bibcode=2022RSOS....911926A }}</ref>
**Researchers demonstrate semi-automated testing for [[reproducibility]] ([[reproducibility crisis|which is lacking especially in cancer research]]) via extraction of statements about experimental results in, as of 2022 [[Semantic Web|non-semantic]], gene expression cancer research papers and subsequent testing with breast cancer cell lines via [[Laboratory robotics#Applications|robot scientist]] "[[Robot Scientist#Adam and Eve|Eve]]".<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Roper |first1=Katherine |last2=Abdel-Rehim |first2=A. |last3=Hubbard |first3=Sonya |last4=Carpenter |first4=Martin |last5=Rzhetsky |first5=Andrey |last6=Soldatova |first6=Larisa |last7=King |first7=Ross D. |title=Testing the reproducibility and robustness of the cancer biology literature by robot |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |year=2022 |volume=19 |issue=189 |pages=20210821 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2021.0821|pmid=35382578 |pmc=8984295 }}</ref>
[[File:Schizophyllum commune (Split gill) (33389628036).jpg|thumb|6 April: A study decodes electrical [[Biocommunication (science)#Inter organismic communication|communication]] [[Plant to plant communication via mycorrhizal networks#Behavior and information transfer|between fungi]] into word-like [[semantics|components]].]]
*7 April
**Astronomers report the discovery of [[HD1 (galaxy)|HD1]], considered to be the earliest and most [[List of the most distant astronomical objects|distant known galaxy]] yet identified in the [[observable universe]], located only about 330 million years after the [[Big Bang]] 13.8 billion years ago, a light-travel distance of 13.5 billion light-years from [[Earth]], and, due to the [[expansion of the universe]], a [[comoving distance|present proper distance]] of 33.4 billion light-years.<ref name="ST-20220407">{{#invoke:cite news ||last=Carlisle |first=Camille M. |title=Are These The Most Distant Galaxies Yet Seen? - Two fuzzy red objects in the early universe may be galaxies shining at us from only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. |url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/are-these-the-most-distant-galaxies-yet-seen/ |date=7 April 2022 |work=[[Sky & Telescope]] |access-date=16 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20220407">{{#invoke:cite news ||last=Overbye |first=Dennis |author-link=Dennis Overbye |title=Astronomers Find What Might Be the Most Distant Galaxy Yet - Is the object a galaxy of primordial stars or a black hole knocking on the door of time? The Webb space telescope may help answer that question. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/07/science/astronomers-distant-galaxy.html |date=7 April 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="MN-20220407">{{#invoke:cite journal ||author=Pacussi, Fabio |display-authors=et al. |title=Are the newly-discovered z ~ 13 drop-out sources starburst galaxies or quasars? |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/mnrasl/slac035/6564647 |date=7 April 2022 |journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] |volume=514 |pages=L6–L10 |doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slac035 |access-date=7 April 2022 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20220212">{{#invoke:cite journal ||author=Harikane, Yuichi |display-authors=et al. |title=A Search for H-Dropout Lyman Break Galaxies at z ~ 12–16  |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=2 February 2022 |volume=929 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ac53a9 |arxiv=2112.09141 |bibcode=2022ApJ...929....1H |s2cid=246823511 }}</ref>
**Physicists from the [[Collider Detector at Fermilab]] determine the mass of the [[W and Z bosons|W boson]] with a precision of 0.01%. The result hints at a flaw in the [[Standard Model]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Aaltonen |first1=T. |last2=Amerio |first2=S. |last3=Amidei |first3=D. |date=7 April 2022 |title=High-precision measurement of the W boson mass with the CDF II detector |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abk1781 |journal=Science |volume=376 |issue=6589 |pages=170–176 |doi=10.1126/science.abk1781|pmid=35389814 |bibcode=2022Sci...376..170C |hdl=11365/1200783 |s2cid=248025265 }}<br />News article: {{#invoke:cite news ||title=Particle physics could be rewritten after shock W boson measurement |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2315418-particle-physics-could-be-rewritten-after-shock-w-boson-measurement/ |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref>
**A trial of estimated financial energy cost of [[refrigerator]]s alongside [[European Union energy label|EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels]] online finds that the approach of [[label]]s involves a trade-off between [[Homo economicus|financial considerations]] and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the [[Overchoice|many]] available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Fadelli |first1=Ingrid |title=Adding energy cost information to energy-efficiency class labels could affect refrigerator purchases |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-05-adding-energy-energy-efficiency-class-affect.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=Tech Xplore |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=d'Adda |first1=Giovanna |last2=Gao |first2=Yu |last3=Tavoni |first3=Massimo |title=A randomized trial of energy cost information provision alongside energy-efficiency classes for refrigerator purchases |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1038/s41560-022-01002-z |bibcode=2022NatEn...7..360D |s2cid=248033760 |language=en |issn=2058-7546}}</ref>
*8 April
**Bioresearchers demonstrate an [[in vitro]] method ({{tooltip|2=maturation phase transient reprogramming|MPTR}}) for [[rejuvenation]] (including the [[transcriptome]] and [[epigenome]]) [[Induced pluripotent stem cells|reprogramming]] in which [[fibroblast]] [[skin]] cells temporarily lose their cell identity.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Anti-ageing technique makes skin cells act 30 years younger |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2315485-anti-ageing-technique-makes-skin-cells-act-30-years-younger/ |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Gill |first1=Diljeet |last2=Parry |first2=Aled |last3=Santos |first3=Fátima |last4=Okkenhaug |first4=Hanneke |last5=Todd |first5=Christopher D |last6=Hernando-Herraez |first6=Irene |last7=Stubbs |first7=Thomas M |last8=Milagre |first8=Inês |last9=Reik |first9=Wolf |title=Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming |journal=[[eLife]] |date=8 April 2022 |volume=11 |pages=e71624 |doi=10.7554/eLife.71624 |pmid=35390271 |pmc=9023058 |issn=2050-084X}}</ref>
**Researchers show [[air pollution]] in fast-growing tropical cities caused [[List of causes of death by rate|~0.5 million earlier deaths]] in 2018 with a substantial recent and [[Megacity#Air pollution|projected]] rise, proposing "regulatory action targeting emerging anthropogenic sources".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Tropical city air pollution led to 470,000 premature deaths in 2018 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2315496-tropical-city-air-pollution-led-to-470000-premature-deaths-in-2018/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Vohra |first1=Karn |last2=Marais |first2=Eloise A. |last3=Bloss |first3=William J. |last4=Schwartz |first4=Joel |last5=Mickley |first5=Loretta J. |last6=Van Damme |first6=Martin |last7=Clarisse |first7=Lieven |last8=Coheur |first8=Pierre-F. |title=Rapid rise in premature mortality due to anthropogenic air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities from 2005 to 2018 |journal=Science Advances |date=8 April 2022 |volume=8 |issue=14 |pages=eabm4435 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abm4435 |pmid=35394832 |pmc=8993110 |bibcode=2022SciA....8M4435V |language=en |issn=2375-2548}}</ref>
*11 April &ndash; A study confirms [[antidepressant]] potential of [[psilocybin therapy]] protocols (which use the active ingredient in [[psilocybin mushrooms]]), providing [[fMRI]] data about a correlated likely major effect mechanism – [[Brain connectivity estimators|global increases in brain]] [[Large-scale brain network|network]] [[Functional integration (neurobiology)|integration]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Psychedelic frees up depressed brain, study shows |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61070591 |first1=Philippa|last1=Roxby |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=BBC News |date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Daws |first1=Richard E. |last2=Timmermann |first2=Christopher |last3=Giribaldi |first3=Bruna |last4=Sexton |first4=James D. |last5=Wall |first5=Matthew B. |last6=Erritzoe |first6=David |last7=Roseman |first7=Leor |last8=Nutt |first8=David |last9=Carhart-Harris |first9=Robin |title=Increased global integration in the brain after psilocybin therapy for depression |journal=Nature Medicine |date=April 2022 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=844–851 |doi=10.1038/s41591-022-01744-z |pmid=35411074 |s2cid=248099554 |language=en |issn=1546-170X}}</ref>
*12 April &ndash; [[Non-government reactions to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine#Science and technology|Science]] and the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]]:<br/>An editorial in a scientific journal reports that relevant areas of [[food system]] research are patchy and lack independent assessments.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=The war in Ukraine is exposing gaps in the world's food-systems research |journal=Nature |date=12 April 2022 |volume=604 |issue=7905 |pages=217–218 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00994-8 |pmid=35414667 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..217. |s2cid=248129049 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00994-8 |access-date=15 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> An editorial projects significant gender and age imbalance [[Population decline#Ukraine|in the population in Ukraine]] as a substantial problem if most refugees, as in other cases, do not return over time (4 Apr).<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Matsuura |first1=Hiroaki |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the future demographic crisis |journal=Biodemography and Social Biology |date=2 January 2022 |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1080/19485565.2022.2061524 |pmid=35379045 |s2cid=247953665 |issn=1948-5565}}</ref> A [[preprint]] reports impacts of the [[Energy in Ukraine#Grid synchronisation with Europe|Ukrainian power grid synchronization with Continental Europe]] (15 Apr).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Böttcher |first1=Philipp C. |last2=Gorjão |first2=Leonardo Rydin |last3=Beck |first3=Christian |last4=Jumar |first4=Richard |last5=Maass |first5=Heiko |last6=Hagenmeyer |first6=Veit |last7=Witthaut |first7=Dirk |last8=Schäfer |first8=Benjamin |title=Initial analysis of the impact of the Ukrainian power grid synchronization with Continental Europe |journal=Energy Advances |year=2023 |volume=2 |pages=91–97 |doi=10.1039/D2YA00150K |arxiv=2204.07508 |s2cid=248218805 }}</ref>
[[File:The growth of all tracked objects in space over time (space debris and satellites).png|thumb|22 April: A study outlines rationale for [[Satellite internet constellation#Space governance|space governance of satellites]]/[[space debris]] similar to terrestrial [[environmental regulation]]s.]]
*14 April
**[[GNz7q]], a distant [[starburst galaxy]], is reported as being a "missing link" between [[supermassive black holes]] and the evolution of [[quasars]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Missing-Link Black Hole Found Lurking in Plain Sight |url=https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/news/science/2022/20220414-subaru.html |website=National Astronomical Observatory of Japan|date=14 April 2022 |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Fujimoto |first1=S. |last2=Brammer |first2=G. B. |last3=Watson |first3=D. |last4=Magdis |first4=G. E. |last5=Kokorev |first5=V. |last6=Greve |first6=T. R. |last7=Toft |first7=S. |last8=Walter |first8=F. |last9=Valiante |first9=R. |last10=Ginolfi |first10=M. |last11=Schneider |first11=R. |last12=Valentino |first12=F. |last13=Colina |first13=L. |last14=Vestergaard |first14=M. |last15=Marques-Chaves |first15=R. |last16=Fynbo |first16=J. P. U. |last17=Krips |first17=M. |last18=Steinhardt |first18=C. L. |last19=Cortzen |first19=I. |last20=Rizzo |first20=F. |last21=Oesch |first21=P. A. |title=A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn |journal=Nature |date=April 2022 |volume=604 |issue=7905 |pages=261–265 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04454-1 |pmid=35418632 |arxiv=2204.06393 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..261F |s2cid=248155482 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
**A study describes the impact of climate change on the survival of [[cacti]]. It finds that 60% of species will experience a reduction in favourable climate by 2050–2070, with [[epiphytes]] having the greatest exposure to increased warming.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=Elevated extinction risk of cacti under climate change |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-022-01130-0 |journal=Nature Plants|date=14 April 2022 |doi=10.1038/s41477-022-01130-0 |access-date=15 April 2022|last1=Pillet |first1=Michiel |last2=Goettsch |first2=Barbara |last3=Merow |first3=Cory |last4=Maitner |first4=Brian |last5=Feng |first5=Xiao |last6=Roehrdanz |first6=Patrick R. |last7=Enquist |first7=Brian J. |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=366–372 |pmid=35422081 |s2cid=248181430 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Even the Cactus May Not Be Safe From Climate Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/14/climate/cactus-climate-change.html |website=The New York Times|date=14 April 2022 |access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>
**A [[preprint]] demonstrates how [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoors]] can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam") [[machine learning]] models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties. Parties can change the classification of any input, including in cases with types of [[algorithmic transparency|data/software transparency]], possibly including [[white-box testing|white-box access]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Machine-learning models vulnerable to undetectable backdoors |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/04/21/machine_learning_models_backdoors/ |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=[[The Register]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Undetectable Backdoors Plantable In Any Machine-Learning Algorithm |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/machine-learningbackdoor |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |date=10 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Goldwasser |first1=Shafi |last2=Kim |first2=Michael P. |last3=Vaikuntanathan |first3=Vinod |last4=Zamir |first4=Or |title=Planting Undetectable Backdoors in Machine Learning Models |date=14 April 2022|class=cs.LG |eprint=2204.06974 }}</ref>
[[File:Global Carbon Budget Results - Fossil CO2 emissions charts.png|thumb|26 April: Results of the 'Global [[carbon budget|Carbon Budget]] 2021' pass [[peer-review]], showing problematic continuation of GHG emissions trends.<ref name="10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Friedlingstein |first1=Pierre |last2=Jones |first2=Matthew W. |last3=O'Sullivan |first3=Michael |display-authors=et al.  |title=Global Carbon Budget 2021 |journal=Earth System Science Data |date=26 April 2022|volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=1917–2005 |doi=10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022 |bibcode=2022ESSD...14.1917F |language=English |issn=1866-3508}}
* News report: {{cite news |title=Cut emissions "starting now" – Global Carbon Project experts |url=https://www.exeter.ac.uk/news/research/title_909259_en.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[University of Exeter]] |language=en}}</ref>]]
*16 April &ndash; A [[scientific review|review]] suggests that global prevalence of [[long COVID]] conditions after infection could be as high as 43%, with the most common symptoms being [[Chronic fatigue syndrome|fatigue]] and memory problems.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Nearly half of people infected with COVID-19 experienced some 'long COVID' symptoms, study finds |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-people-infected-covid-experienced-covid.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[University of Michigan]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Chen |first1=Chen |last2=Haupert |first2=Spencer R. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Lauren |last4=Shi |first4=Xu |last5=Fritsche |first5=Lars G. |last6=Mukherjee |first6=Bhramar |title=Global Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |date=16 April 2022 |volume=226 |issue=9 |pages=1593–1607 |doi=10.1093/infdis/jiac136|pmid=35429399 |pmc=9047189 }}</ref>
*19 April &ndash; [[NASA]] publishes its ''[[Planetary Science Decadal Survey]]'' for 2023-2032. The future mission recommendations include a [[Uranus]] orbiter (the first visit to the planet since [[Uranus#Exploration|1986]]) and the [[Enceladus Orbilander]] (landing in the early 2050s).<ref>{{cite book |title=Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023-2032 |url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26522/origins-worlds-and-life-a-decadal-strategy-for-planetary-science |website=National Academy of Sciences|date=19 April 2022 |publisher=National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/26522 |isbn=978-0-309-47578-5 |s2cid=248283239 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Make Uranus mission your priority, Nasa told |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61155725 |website=BBC News|date=19 April 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
*20 April
**[[Micronova]]e, a previously unknown class of thermonuclear explosions on the surface of [[white dwarfs]], are described for the first time.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title='Micronova' explosions spotted on distant zombie stars |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/20/23032402/micronova-white-dwarf-stars-explosions-magnetic-fields-discovery |website=The Verge|date=20 April 2022 |access-date=21 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Scaringi |first1=S. |last2=Groot |first2=P. J. |last3=Knigge |first3=C. |last4=Bird |first4=A. J. |last5=Breedt |first5=E. |last6=Buckley |first6=D. a. H. |last7=Cavecchi |first7=Y. |last8=Degenaar |first8=N. D. |last9=de Martino |first9=D. |last10=Done |first10=C. |last11=Fratta |first11=M. |last12=Iłkiewicz |first12=K. |last13=Koerding |first13=E. |last14=Lasota |first14=J.-P. |last15=Littlefield |first15=C. |last16=Manara |first16=C. F. |last17=O'Brien |first17=M. |last18=Szkody |first18=P. |last19=Timmes |first19=F. X. |title=Localized thermonuclear bursts from accreting magnetic white dwarfs |journal=Nature |date=April 2022 |volume=604 |issue=7906 |pages=447–450 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04495-6 |pmid=35444319 |arxiv=2204.09070 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..447S |s2cid=248266728 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
**A study shows that common single-use plastic products – such as [[Coffee cup#Paper|paper coffee cups]] that are lined with a thin plastic film inside – release trillions of [[microplastic]]s-nanoparticles per liter [[consumer protection|into water during normal use]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Take-out coffee cups may be shedding trillions of plastic nanoparticles, study says |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/05/06/to-go-coffee-cups-trillions-plastic-nanoparticles/4821651596271/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Zangmeister |first1=Christopher D. |last2=Radney |first2=James G. |last3=Benkstein |first3=Kurt D. |last4=Kalanyan |first4=Berc |title=Common Single-Use Consumer Plastic Products Release Trillions of Sub-100 nm Nanoparticles per Liter into Water during Normal Use |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=3 May 2022 |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=5448–5455 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.1c06768 |pmid=35441513 |bibcode=2022EnST...56.5448Z |s2cid=248263169 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.1c06768 |language=en |issn=0013-936X |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*21 April &ndash; Researchers discover that humans are interrupting a 66-million-years-old feature of [[ecosystems]], the relationship between diet and body mass, by driving the [[Megafauna|largest vertebrate animals]] towards [[extinction]], which they suggest could have unpredictable consequences.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Cutting animals down to size could backfire on humans {{!}} UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology |url=https://www.ceh.ac.uk/cutting-animals-down-size-could-backfire-humans |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.ceh.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last= Druker |first=Simon |date=April 21, 2022|title=Study: Humans interrupting 66-million-year-old relationship among animals |url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2022/04/21/humans-interupting-66-million-year-relationship-eliminating-large-animals/7651650562988/ |work= UPI|location= |access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Cooke |first1=Rob |last2=Gearty |first2=William |display-authors=etal.|date=2022 |title=Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01726-x |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume= 6|issue= 6|pages= 684–692|doi=10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x |pmid=35449460 |s2cid=248323833 }}</ref>
*22 April
**The [[Large Hadron Collider]] recommences full operations, three years after being shut down for upgrades.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=LHC restarts|url=https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/large-hadron-collider-restarts|website=CERN|date=22 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
**Scientists suggest in a [[scientific paper|study]] that [[Satellite internet constellation#Space governance|space governance of satellites]]/[[space debris]] should regulate the current free [[Externality|externalization of true costs and risks]], with [[Orbital spaceflight|orbital space]] around the Earth being an "additional ecosystem" which should be subject to [[Space law|regulations]] as [[Environmental regulations|e.g. oceans on Earth]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Orbital space around Earth must be protected amid rise in satellites, say scientists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/apr/22/orbital-space-earth-protected-scientists-satellites |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=22 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Lawrence |first1=Andy |last2=Rawls |first2=Meredith L. |last3=Jah |first3=Moriba |last4=Boley |first4=Aaron |last5=Di Vruno |first5=Federico |last6=Garrington |first6=Simon |last7=Kramer |first7=Michael |last8=Lawler |first8=Samantha |last9=Lowenthal |first9=James |last10=McDowell |first10=Jonathan |last11=McCaughrean |first11=Mark |title=The case for space environmentalism |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=April 2022 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=428–435 |doi=10.1038/s41550-022-01655-6 |arxiv=2204.10025 |bibcode=2022NatAs...6..428L |s2cid=248300127 |language=en |issn=2397-3366}}</ref>
**[[Cancer research]] progress:<br/>The largest study of whole cancer genomes reports 58 new [[mutational signatures]] and shows that for each organ "cancers have a limited number of common signatures and a long tail of rare signatures".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Largest study of whole genome sequencing data reveals 'treasure trove' of clues about causes of cancer |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-largest-genome-sequencing-reveals-treasure.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=University of Cambridge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Degasperi |first1=Andrea |last2=Zou |first2=Xueqing |last3=Dias Amarante |first3=Tauanne |last4=Martinez-Martinez |first4=Andrea |display-authors=et al. |title=Substitution mutational signatures in whole-genome–sequenced cancers in the UK population |journal=Science |date=22 April 2022 |volume=376 |issue=6591 |pages=abl9283 |doi=10.1126/science.abl9283 |pmid=35949260 |pmc=7613262 |s2cid=248334490 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> A study reports presence of certain bacteria in the prostate and urine for aggressive forms of [[prostate cancer]], with [[cancer biomarker|biomarker]]- and therapeutic potentials being unclear (18 Apr).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Five types of bacteria linked to aggressive prostate cancer |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-04-bacteria-linked-aggressive-prostate-cancer.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=University of East Anglia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Hurst |first1=Rachel |last2=Meader |first2=Emma |last3=Gihawi |first3=Abraham |last4=Rallapalli |first4=Ghanasyam |display-authors=et al. |title=Microbiomes of Urine and the Prostate Are Linked to Human Prostate Cancer Risk Groups |journal=European Urology Oncology |date=18 April 2022 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=412–419 |doi=10.1016/j.euo.2022.03.006 |pmid=35450835 |s2cid=248249618 |language=English |issn=2588-9311}}</ref>
*25 April
**[[Novel food]]s such as under-development<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Lebensmittel aus dem Labor könnten der Umwelt helfen |url=https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/research-in-context/details/news/lebensmittel-aus-dem-labor-koennten-der-umwelt-helfen/ |website=www.sciencemediacenter.de |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[cultured meat]], existing [[Microbial food cultures|microbial foods]] and [[Insects as food|ground-up insects]] are shown to have the potential to [[sustainable food|reduce environmental impacts]] by over 80% in a study.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Lab-grown meat and insects 'good for planet and health' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-61182294 |website=BBC News|date=25 April 2022 |access-date=25 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80% |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00489-9 |journal=Nature Food|date=25 April 2022 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00489-9 |access-date=25 April 2022|last1=Mazac |first1=Rachel |last2=Meinilä |first2=Jelena |last3=Korkalo |first3=Liisa |last4=Järviö |first4=Natasha |last5=Jalava |first5=Mika |last6=Tuomisto |first6=Hanna L. |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=286–293 |pmid=37118200 |hdl=10138/348140 |s2cid=257158726 }}</ref>
**A [[scientific review|review]] about meat and [[Environmental impact of meat production|sustainability of food systems]], animal welfare, and healthy nutrition concludes that its consumption has to be reduced substantially for [[sustainable consumption]] and names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Meat consumption must fall by at least 75% for sustainable consumption, says study |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-04-meat-consumption-fall-sustainable.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[University of Bonn]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Parlasca |first1=Martin C. |last2=Qaim |first2=Matin |title=Meat Consumption and Sustainability |journal=Annual Review of Resource Economics |date=5 October 2022 |volume=14 |pages=17–41 |doi=10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 |issn=1941-1340}}</ref>
**A new type of [[cell death]] 'erebosis' is reported<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Death in darkness: A new type of cell death discovered in fly guts |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-04-death-darkness-cell-guts.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=[[Riken]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Ciesielski |first1=Hanna M. |last2=Nishida |first2=Hiroshi |last3=Takano |first3=Tomomi |last4=Fukuhara |first4=Aya |last5=Otani |first5=Tetsuhisa |last6=Ikegawa |first6=Yuko |last7=Okada |first7=Morihiro |last8=Nishimura |first8=Takashi |last9=Furuse |first9=Mikio |last10=Yoo |first10=Sa Kan |title=Erebosis, a new cell death mechanism during homeostatic turnover of gut enterocytes |journal=PLOS Biology |date=25 April 2022 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=e3001586 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001586 |pmid=35468130 |pmc=9037934 |language=en |issn=1545-7885}}</ref> after copper-dependent cell death was first reported the previous month.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Scientists discover a new kind of cell death linked to copper |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-03-scientists-kind-cell-death-linked.html |access-date=15 May 2022 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Tsvetkov |first1=Peter |last2=Coy |first2=Shannon |last3=Petrova |first3=Boryana |last4=Dreishpoon |first4=Margaret |last5=Verma |first5=Ana |last6=Abdusamad |first6=Mai |last7=Rossen |first7=Jordan |last8=Joesch-Cohen |first8=Lena |last9=Humeidi |first9=Ranad |last10=Spangler |first10=Ryan D. |last11=Eaton |first11=John K. |last12=Frenkel |first12=Evgeni |last13=Kocak |first13=Mustafa |last14=Corsello |first14=Steven M. |last15=Lutsenko |first15=Svetlana |last16=Kanarek |first16=Naama |last17=Santagata |first17=Sandro |last18=Golub |first18=Todd R. |title=Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins |journal=Science |date=18 March 2022 |volume=375 |issue=6586 |pages=1254–1261 |doi=10.1126/science.abf0529 |pmid=35298263 |pmc=9273333 |bibcode=2022Sci...375.1254T |s2cid=247521088 |language=en |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>
*26 April
**Scientists report the detection of [[purine]] and [[pyrimidine]] [[nucleobase]]s in several [[meteorite]]s, including [[guanine]], [[adenine]], [[cytosine]], [[uracil]] and [[thymine]], and claim that such meteoritic nucleobases could serve as "building blocks of [[DNA]] and [[RNA]] on the [[early Earth]]".<ref name="NC-20220426">{{#invoke:cite journal ||author=Oba, Yasuhiro |display-authors=et al |title=Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucleobases in carbonaceous meteorites |date=26 April 2022 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=13 |number=2008 |page=2008 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-29612-x |pmid=35473908 |pmc=9042847 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.2008O }}<br/>News articles: {{#invoke:cite news ||title=All of the bases in DNA and RNA have now been found in meteorites |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/all-of-the-bases-in-dna-and-rna-have-now-been-found-in-meteorites |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Science News |date=26 April 2022}}<br/>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Could key ingredients for life have arrived from space? Scientists say yes |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/key-ingredients-life-arrived-space-scientists-say-yes-rcna26400 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>
**[[Global Carbon Project#Global Carbon Budget|The Global Carbon Budget 2021]] concludes that fossil {{CO2}} emissions rebounded by around +4.8% relative to 2020 emissions – returning to 2019 levels, identifies three major issues for improving reliable accuracy of monitoring, shows that China and India surpassed 2019 levels (by 5.7% and 3.2%) while the EU and the US stayed beneath 2019 levels (by 5.3% and 4.5%), quantifies various changes and trends, for the first time provides models' estimates that are linked to the official country [[Greenhouse gas inventory|GHG inventories]] reporting, and shows that the remaining [[carbon budget]] at 1. Jan 2022 for a 50% likelihood to [[climate change mitigation|limit global warming]] to 1.5&nbsp;°C is 120 GtC (420 Gt{{CO2}}) – or 11 years of 2021 emissions levels.<ref name="10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022"/>
**Scientists propose and preliminarily evaluate a likely transgressed [[planetary boundary]] for {{tooltip|2=terrestrial precipitation, evaporation and soil moisture|green water}} in the [[water cycle]], [[Ecohydrology|measured by root-zone soil moisture deviation from Holocene variability]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Wang-Erlandsson |first1=Lan |last2=Tobian |first2=Arne |last3=van der Ent |first3=Ruud J. |last4=Fetzer |first4=Ingo |last5=te Wierik |first5=Sofie |last6=Porkka |first6=Miina |last7=Staal |first7=Arie |last8=Jaramillo |first8=Fernando |last9=Dahlmann |first9=Heindriken |last10=Singh |first10=Chandrakant |last11=Greve |first11=Peter |last12=Gerten |first12=Dieter |last13=Keys |first13=Patrick W. |last14=Gleeson |first14=Tom |last15=Cornell |first15=Sarah E. |last16=Steffen |first16=Will |last17=Bai |first17=Xuemei |last18=Rockström |first18=Johan |title=A planetary boundary for green water |journal=Nature Reviews Earth & Environment |date=26 April 2022 |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=380–392 |doi=10.1038/s43017-022-00287-8 |bibcode=2022NRvEE...3..380W |s2cid=248386281 |url=https://rdcu.be/cL78K |language=en |issn=2662-138X}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=May 2022}} A study published one day earlier integrates "green water" along with "blue water" into an index to measure and project [[water scarcity]] in [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|agriculture]] [[Representative Concentration Pathway|for climate change scenarios]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Water scarcity predicted to worsen in more than 80% of croplands globally this century |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-05-scarcity-worsen-croplands-globally-century.html |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=[[American Geophysical Union]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Liu |first1=Xingcai |last2=Liu |first2=Wenfeng |last3=Tang |first3=Qiuhong |last4=Liu |first4=Bo |last5=Wada |first5=Yoshihide |last6=Yang |first6=Hong |title=Global Agricultural Water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Blue and Green Water Availability Under Future Climate Change |journal=Earth's Future |date=April 2022 |volume=10 |issue=4 |doi=10.1029/2021EF002567|bibcode=2022EaFut..1002567L |s2cid=248398232 |url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A24825 }}</ref>
*27 April
**A lineage of [[H3N8]] [[bird flu]] is found to infect humans for the first time, with a case reported in the [[Henan]] province of China.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=China detects first human case of H3N8 bird flu strain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/27/first-human-case-h3n8-bird-flu-strain-china|website=The Guardian|date=27 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=First Human Case of H3N8 Bird Flu Confirmed in China |url=https://sentientmedia.org/first-human-case-of-h3n8-bird-flu-confirmed-in-china/|website=Sentient Media|date=27 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=New strain of bird flu infects four-year-old boy |url=https://viva.org.uk/animals/new-strain-of-bird-flu-infects-four-year-old-boy/|website=Viva|date=27 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> Months earlier, [[2020–2022 H5N8 outbreak#2022 outbreaks|H5 strain]] bird flu viruses (HPAIv) have been detected in Canada and the US.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Resurgence of Bird Flu – Avian Influenza Virus – Raises Concern With Experts |url=https://scitechdaily.com/resurgence-of-bird-flu-avian-influenza-virus-raises-concern-with-experts/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=American Association for the Advancement of Science |date=10 May 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Wille |first1=Michelle |last2=Barr |first2=Ian G. |title=Resurgence of avian influenza virus |journal=Science |date=29 April 2022 |volume=376 |issue=6592 |pages=459–460 |doi=10.1126/science.abo1232 |pmid=35471045 |bibcode=2022Sci...376..459W |s2cid=248390760 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo1232|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
**A study extends [[IUCN Red List|global assessments of shares of species threatened by extinction]] with reptiles, which often play functional roles in their respective [[ecosystem]]s, indicating at least 21% are threatened [[Extinction#Modern extinctions|by extinction]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=One in five reptiles faces extinction in what would be a 'devastating' blow |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/27/one-in-five-reptiles-face-extinction-in-devastating-blow-to-biodiversity-aoe |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Cox |first1=Neil |last2=Young |first2=Bruce E. |last3=Bowles |first3=Philip |display-authors=et al. |title=A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods |journal=Nature |date=May 2022 |volume=605 |issue=7909 |pages=285–290 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04664-7 |pmid=35477765 |pmc=9095493 |bibcode=2022Natur.605..285C |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> One day later, scientists quantify global and local [[sixth mass extinction|mass]] [[Effects of climate change on oceans|extinction risks of marine life from climate change]] and [[Conservation biology|conservation]] potentials.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Global heating risks most cataclysmic extinction of marine life in 250m years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/28/global-warming-risks-cataclysmic-mass-extinction-marine-life |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Penn |first1=Justin L. |last2=Deutsch |first2=Curtis |title=Avoiding ocean mass extinction from climate warming |journal=Science |date=29 April 2022 |volume=376 |issue=6592 |pages=524–526 |doi=10.1126/science.abe9039 |pmid=35482875 |bibcode=2022Sci...376..524P |s2cid=248430574 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe9039 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
**Researchers report routes for [[recycling]] 200 industrial [[Chemical waste|waste chemicals]] into important drugs and agrochemicals using a software for [[Drug design#Computer-aided drug design|computer-aided]] chemical synthesis design, helping enable "circular chemistry" as a potential area of a [[circular economy]]<!--, reducing disposal costs and hazards to the environment-->.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Yirka |first1=Bob |title=A computer system that analyzes chemical waste and proposes ways to make new products from it |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-04-chemical-ways-products.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Wołos |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Koszelewski |first2=Dominik |last3=Roszak |first3=Rafał |last4=Szymkuć |first4=Sara |last5=Moskal |first5=Martyna |last6=Ostaszewski |first6=Ryszard |last7=Herrera |first7=Brenden T. |last8=Maier |first8=Josef M. |last9=Brezicki |first9=Gordon |last10=Samuel |first10=Jonathon |last11=Lummiss |first11=Justin A. M. |last12=McQuade |first12=D. Tyler |last13=Rogers |first13=Luke |last14=Grzybowski |first14=Bartosz A. |title=Computer-designed repurposing of chemical wastes into drugs |journal=Nature |date=April 2022 |volume=604 |issue=7907 |pages=668–676 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04503-9 |pmid=35478240 |bibcode=2022Natur.604..668W |s2cid=248415772 |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
*28 April
**A comprehensive [[scientific review|review]] reaffirms likely beneficial health effects with links to health/[[life extension]] of cycles of [[caloric restriction]] and [[intermittent fasting]] as well as reducing [[Meat#Health|meat consumption]] in humans. It identifies issues with contemporary [[nutrition science|nutrition research]] approaches, proposing a multi-pillar approach, and summarizes findings towards constructing – multi-system-considering and at least age-personalized dynamic – refined [[Healthy diet|longevity diets]] and proposes inclusion of such in standard [[preventive healthcare]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=New article outlines the characteristics of a 'longevity diet': Review of research in animals and humans to identify how nutrition affects aging and healthy lifespan |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220428125433.htm |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Longo |first1=Valter D. |last2=Anderson |first2=Rozalyn M. |title=Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions |journal=Cell |date=28 April 2022 |volume=185 |issue=9 |pages=1455–1470 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.002 |pmid=35487190 |pmc=9089818 |language=English |issn=0092-8674}}</ref>
**A company reports results of a [[phase 3 clinical trial]], indicating that [[tirzepatide]] could be used for substantial [[Anti-obesity medication|weight loss]] – possibly larger than the, as of 2022 also [[Medication costs|expensive]],<ref name="nyt-04-28"/> [[semaglutide]] approved by the [[Food and Drug Administration|FDA]] in 2021 – in [[obesity|obese people]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Obesity drug achieves average weight loss of 24 kg in clinical trial |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2318588-obesity-drug-achieves-average-weight-loss-of-24-kg-in-clinical-trial/ |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref name="nyt-04-28">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Kolata |first1=Gina |title=Patients Taking Experimental Obesity Drug Lost More Than 50 Pounds, Maker Claims |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/health/obesity-drug-eli-lilly-tirzepatide-wegovy.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Lilly's tirzepatide delivered up to 22.5% weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight in SURMOUNT-1 {{!}} Eli Lilly and Company |url=https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/lillys-tirzepatide-delivered-225-weight-loss-adults-obesity-or |website=investor.lilly.com |access-date=13 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=May 2022}}
**Researchers publish projections for interspecies viral sharing, that can lead to [[Spillover infection#Spillover zoonoses|novel viral spillovers]], due to ongoing [[Effects of climate change#Health|climate change-caused]] range-shifts of mammals (mostly bats) for use in efforts of [[pandemic prevention]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Climate Change Will Accelerate Viral Spillovers, Study Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/science/climate-change-virus-spillover.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Carlson |first1=Colin J. |last2=Albery |first2=Gregory F. |last3=Merow |first3=Cory |last4=Trisos |first4=Christopher H. |last5=Zipfel |first5=Casey M. |last6=Eskew |first6=Evan A. |last7=Olival |first7=Kevin J. |last8=Ross |first8=Noam |last9=Bansal |first9=Shweta |title=Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk |journal=Nature |date=28 April 2022 |volume=607 |issue=7919 |pages=555–562 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04788-w |pmid=35483403 |bibcode=2022Natur.607..555C |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |biorxiv=10.1101/2020.01.24.918755|s2cid=248430532 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04788-w|url-access=subscription}}</ref>