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===August=== [[File:Cascading global climate failure.jpg|thumb|1 August: Researchers report that [[Climate apocalypse|the risk]] of [[Effects of climate change#Possibility of societal collapse|climate change (indirectly) resulting in]] worldwide [[societal collapse]], or possibly eventual [[human extinction]], is a "dangerously underexplored" [[global issue|global]] [[research question|topic]].<ref name="10.1073/pnas.2108146119"/>]] *1 August **A [[meta-analysis]] of [[policy studies]] concludes that [[international treaties]] that aim to foster [[Global governance|global cooperation]] have mostly failed to produce their [[goal|intended effects]] in addressing [[Global issue|global challenges]], with the exception of [[international trade]] and [[International finance|finance]] regulations<!--, and sometimes even leading to unintended harmful effects-->. The study suggests [[Enforcement#Enforcement mechanisms|enforcement mechanisms]] are the "only modifiable [[Policy|treaty design choice]]" with the potential to improve the [[effectiveness]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Most international treaties are ineffective, Canadian study finds |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/most-international-treaties-are-ineffective-canadian-study-finds-1.6013086 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=CTVNews |date=3 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Hoffman |first1=Steven J. |last2=Baral |first2=Prativa |last3=Rogers Van Katwyk |first3=Susan |last4=Sritharan |first4=Lathika |last5=Hughsam |first5=Matthew |last6=Randhawa |first6=Harkanwal |last7=Lin |first7=Gigi |last8=Campbell |first8=Sophie |last9=Campus |first9=Brooke |last10=Dantas |first10=Maria |last11=Foroughian |first11=Neda |last12=Groux |first12=Gaëlle |last13=Gunn |first13=Elliot |last14=Guyatt |first14=Gordon |last15=Habibi |first15=Roojin |last16=Karabit |first16=Mina |last17=Karir |first17=Aneesh |last18=Kruja |first18=Krista |last19=Lavis |first19=John N. |authorlink19=John Lavis |last20=Lee |first20=Olivia |last21=Li |first21=Binxi |last22=Nagi |first22=Ranjana |last23=Naicker |first23=Kiyuri |last24=Røttingen |first24=John-Arne |last25=Sahar |first25=Nicola |last26=Srivastava |first26=Archita |last27=Tejpar |first27=Ali |last28=Tran |first28=Maxwell |last29=Zhang |first29=Yu-qing |last30=Zhou |first30=Qi |last31=Poirier |first31=Mathieu J. P. |title=International treaties have mostly failed to produce their intended effects |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=9 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=32 |pages=e2122854119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2122854119 |pmid=35914153 |pmc=9372541 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11922854H |language=en |issn=0027-8424}} * University press release: {{#invoke:cite news ||title=Do international treaties actually work? Study says they mostly don't |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-08-international-treaties-dont.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=[[York University]] |language=en}}</ref> **The discovery of a [[super-Earth]] around the red dwarf star [[Ross 508]] is reported. Part of the planet's [[elliptical orbit]] takes it within the [[habitable zone]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Super-Earth Skimming Habitable Zone of Red Dwarf |url=https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/news/science/2022/20220801-subaru.html |access-date=10 August 2022|date=1 August 2022 |website=National Astronomical Observatory of Japan}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Harakawa |first1=Hiroki |last2=Takarada |first2=Takuya |last3=Kasagi |first3=Yui |display-authors=et al. |title=A super-Earth orbiting near the inner edge of the habitable zone around the M4.5 dwarf Ross 508 |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |date=4 August 2022 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=904–922 |doi=10.1093/pasj/psac044 |doi-access=free}}</ref> **Researchers report that [[Climate apocalypse|the risk]] of [[Effects of climate change#Possibility of societal collapse|climate change (indirectly) resulting in]] worldwide [[societal collapse]], or possibly eventual [[human extinction]], is a "dangerously underexplored" [[global issue|global]] [[research question|topic]], despite [[Climate endgame|there being indications of such being possible]] as [[worst-case scenario]]s and "[[Integrated assessment modelling|integrated]] catastrophe [[Risk assessment|assessment]]" missing.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Climate endgame: risk of human extinction 'dangerously underexplored' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/01/climate-endgame-risk-human-extinction-scientists-global-heating-catastrophe |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=1 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="10.1073/pnas.2108146119">{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Kemp |first1=Luke |last2=Xu |first2=Chi |last3=Depledge |first3=Joanna |last4=Ebi |first4=Kristie L. |authorlink4=Kristie Ebi |last5=Gibbins |first5=Goodwin |last6=Kohler |first6=Timothy A. |last7=Rockström |first7=Johan |authorlink7=Johan Rockström |last8=Scheffer |first8=Marten |authorlink8=Marten Scheffer |last9=Schellnhuber |first9=Hans Joachim |authorlink9=Hans Joachim Schellnhuber |last10=Steffen |first10=Will |last11=Lenton |first11=Timothy M. |title=Climate Endgame: Exploring catastrophic climate change scenarios |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=23 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=34 |pages=e2108146119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2108146119 |pmid=35914185 |pmc=9407216 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11908146K |language=en |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free}}</ref> **Israeli researchers report {{tooltip|2=this research is controversial and potential applications include "uncovering the role of different genes in birth defects or developmental disorders", "understand why some pregnancies fail", and developing sources "of organs and tissues for people who need them"|the achievement}} of first stem-cell derived [[Ectogenesis#Synthetic embryo|synthetic embryos]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal||last1=Tarazi|first1=Shadi|last2=Aguilera-Castrejon|first2=Alejandro|last3=Joubran|first3=Carine|last4=Ghanem|first4=Nadir|last5=Ashouokhi|first5=Shahd|last6=Roncato|first6=Francesco|last7=Wildschutz|first7=Emilie|last8=Haddad|first8=Montaser|last9=Oldak|first9=Bernardo|last10=Gomez-Cesar|first10=Elidet|last11=Livnat|first11=Nir|last12=Viukov|first12=Sergey|last13=Lokshtanov|first13=Dmitry|last14=Naveh-Tassa|first14=Segev|last15=Rose|first15=Max|date=1 September 2022|title=Post-gastrulation synthetic embryos generated ex utero from mouse naive ESCs|journal=Cell|language=English|volume=185|issue=18|pages=3290–3306.e25|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.028|issn=0092-8674|pmc=9439721|pmid=35988542|doi-access=free|last16=Hanna|first16=Suhair|last17=Raanan|first17=Calanit|last18=Brenner|first18=Ori|last19=Kedmi|first19=Merav|last20=Keren-Shaul|first20=Hadas|last21=Lapidot|first21=Tsvee|last22=Maza|first22=Itay|last23=Novershtern|first23=Noa|last24=Hanna|first24=Jacob H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Johnson |first=Carolyn Y. |date=2022-08-01 |title=Scientists create synthetic mouse embryos, a potential key to healing humans |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/08/01/synthetic-mouse-embryo/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> which are "organ-filled" and were grown solely from mouse [[embryonic stem cell]]s, without sperm or eggs or a uterus, [[Development of the nervous system in humans#Embryonic brain development research|with natural-like development]] and some surviving until day 8.5 where early [[organogenesis]], including [[Human embryonic development#Nervous system|formation of foundations of a brain]], occurs.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=Scientists create world's first 'synthetic embryos'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/aug/03/scientists-create-worlds-first-synthetic-embryos|access-date=16 September 2022|work=The Guardian|date=3 August 2022|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Israeli Scientist Creates World's First Synthetic Embryo Using Just Stem Cells |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-08-07/ty-article/.premium/israeli-scientist-creates-worlds-first-synthetic-embryo-using-just-stem-cells/00000182-7801-d9c2-afa6-ffb989780000 |access-date=2023-09-16}}</ref> They grew ''[[in vitro]]'' and subsequently ''ex utero'' in [[Artificial womb#Research and development|an artificial womb]] devised in the year before by the same team.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aguilera-Castrejon |first1=Alejandro |last2=Oldak |first2=Bernardo |last3=Shani |first3=Tom |last4=Ghanem |first4=Nadir |last5=Itzkovich |first5=Chen |last6=Slomovich |first6=Sharon |last7=Tarazi |first7=Shadi |last8=Bayerl |first8=Jonathan |last9=Chugaeva |first9=Valeriya |last10=Ayyash |first10=Muneef |last11=Ashouokhi |first11=Shahd |last12=Sheban |first12=Daoud |last13=Livnat |first13=Nir |last14=Lasman |first14=Lior |last15=Viukov |first15=Sergey |date=May 2021 |title=Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03416-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=593 |issue=7857 |pages=119–124 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03416-3 |pmid=33731940 |bibcode=2021Natur.593..119A |s2cid=232296340 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> *2 August **Scientists conclude that the overall transgressed (''see [[January–March 2022 in science#January|18 January]]'') [[planetary boundary]] for "novel entities" (NEs) is a placeholder for multiple different boundaries for NEs that may emerge, reporting that [[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances|PFAS pollution]] is one such new boundary. They show that levels of these so-called "[[forever chemicals]]" in [[rainwater]] are ubiquitously, and often greatly, above guideline safe levels worldwide.<ref name="bbc62391069">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Pollution: 'Forever chemicals' in rainwater exceed safe levels |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62391069 |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=2 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Cousins |first1=Ian T. |last2=Johansson |first2=Jana H. |last3=Salter |first3=Matthew E. |last4=Sha |first4=Bo |last5=Scheringer |first5=Martin |title=Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=16 August 2022 |volume=56 |issue=16 |pages=11172–11179 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c02765 |pmid=35916421 |pmc=9387091 |bibcode=2022EnST...5611172C |language=en |issn=0013-936X|doi-access=free}}</ref> There are moves to restrict and replace their use.<ref name="bbc62391069"/><br/>On 18 August, a simple method of breaking down these chemicals once they have been pulled out of contaminated water or soil<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Forever Chemicals No More? PFAS Are Destroyed With New Technique |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/18/science/pfas-forever-chemicals.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=18 August 2022}}</ref> is described.<!-- It targets weaker charged oxygen atoms at the end of the long tail of carbon-fluorine bonds.--><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=PFAS: Possible breakthrough to destroy harmful 'forever chemicals' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-62561756 |date=19 August 2022|access-date=19 August 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Trang |first1=Brittany |last2=Li |first2=Yuli |last3=Xue |first3=Xiao-Song |last4=Ateia |first4=Mohamed |last5=Houk |first5=K. N. |last6=Dichtel |first6=William R. |title=Low-temperature mineralization of perfluorocarboxylic acids |journal=Science |date=19 August 2022 |volume=377 |issue=6608 |pages=839–845 |doi=10.1126/science.abm8868 |pmid=35981038 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..839T |s2cid=251670491 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm8868 |issn=1095-9203|url-access=subscription}}</ref> **A [[preprint]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=David |first1=Leonard |title=On the trail of unidentified aerial phenomenon: the Galileo Project looks ahead |url=https://www.space.com/galileo-project-uap-ufos-one-year-update |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Space.com |date=23 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> describes the [[Science funding|donations-funded]] plans of [[The Galileo Project]] in detail: a systematic scientific research program [[Search for extraterrestrial intelligence|searching for (signs of) extraterrestrial technological civilizations (ETCs)]] on and near Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Loeb |first1=Abraham |title=Overview of the Galileo Project |journal=Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation |year=2023 |doi=10.1142/S2251171723400032 |arxiv=2209.02479 |bibcode=2023JAI....1240003L |s2cid=252089170 }}</ref> *3 August – Scientists report an [[Machine perfusion|organ perfusion system]] that can restore, i.e. on the cellular level, multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had warm [[ischaemia]]),<ref name="bbc62406350">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Pig organs partially revived hour after death |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-62406350 |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Andrijevic |first1=David |last2=Vrselja |first2=Zvonimir |last3=Lysyy |first3=Taras |last4=Zhang |first4=Shupei |last5=Skarica |first5=Mario |last6=Spajic |first6=Ana |last7=Dellal |first7=David |last8=Thorn |first8=Stephanie L. |last9=Duckrow |first9=Robert B. |last10=Ma |first10=Shaojie |last11=Duy |first11=Phan Q. |last12=Isiktas |first12=Atagun U. |last13=Liang |first13=Dan |last14=Li |first14=Mingfeng |last15=Kim |first15=Suel-Kee |last16=Daniele |first16=Stefano G. |last17=Banu |first17=Khadija |last18=Perincheri |first18=Sudhir |last19=Menon |first19=Madhav C. |last20=Huttner |first20=Anita |last21=Sheth |first21=Kevin N. |last22=Gobeske |first22=Kevin T. |last23=Tietjen |first23=Gregory T. |last24=Zaveri |first24=Hitten P. |last25=Latham |first25=Stephen R. |last26=Sinusas |first26=Albert J. |last27=Sestan |first27=Nenad |title=Cellular recovery after prolonged warm ischaemia of the whole body |journal=Nature |date=August 2022 |volume=608 |issue=7922 |pages=405–412 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05016-1 |pmid=35922506 |pmc=9518831 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..405A |s2cid=251316299 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362458029 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> after reporting a similar method/system for reviving<!--Resuscitation--> (pig) brains hours after death in 2019.<ref name="bbc62406350"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Vrselja |first1=Zvonimir |last2=Daniele |first2=Stefano G. |last3=Silbereis |first3=John |last4=Talpo |first4=Francesca |last5=Morozov |first5=Yury M. |last6=Sousa |first6=André M. M. |last7=Tanaka |first7=Brian S. |last8=Skarica |first8=Mario |last9=Pletikos |first9=Mihovil |last10=Kaur |first10=Navjot |last11=Zhuang |first11=Zhen W. |last12=Liu |first12=Zhao |last13=Alkawadri |first13=Rafeed |last14=Sinusas |first14=Albert J. |last15=Latham |first15=Stephen R. |last16=Waxman |first16=Stephen G. |last17=Sestan |first17=Nenad |title=Restoration of brain circulation and cellular functions hours post-mortem |journal=Nature |date=April 2019 |volume=568 |issue=7752 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1099-1 |pmid=30996318 |pmc=6844189 |bibcode=2019Natur.568..336V |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> This could be used to preserve [[donor organ]]s or for revival in medical emergencies.<ref name="bbc62406350"/> *4 August – Lab-made [[cartilage]] gel based on a synthetic [[hydrogel]] composite is found to have greater strength and wear resistance than natural cartilage, which could enable the durable resurfacing of damaged [[Joint|articulating joints]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Hydrogel that outperforms cartilage could be in human knees in 2023 |url=https://newatlas.com/medical/hydrogel-outperforms-natural-cartilage/ |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=New Atlas |date=15 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with a Strength and Wear Resistance Greater than Cartilage |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adfm.202205662 |access-date=4 August 2022|date=14 August 2022 |journal=Advanced Functional Materials|doi=10.1002/adfm.202205662 |last1=Zhao |first1=Jiacheng |last2=Tong |first2=Huayu |last3=Kirillova |first3=Alina |last4=Koshut |first4=William J. |last5=Malek |first5=Andrew |last6=Brigham |first6=Natasha C. |last7=Becker |first7=Matthew L. |last8=Gall |first8=Ken |last9=Wiley |first9=Benjamin J. |volume=32 |issue=41 |s2cid=251417385 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> *8 August **Researchers provide a dataset of [[standardization|standardized]] calculated detailed [[Life-cycle assessment|environmental impacts]] of >57,000 circulating [[sustainable food system|food]] [[Product (business)|products]], potentially e.g. informing consumers or [[policy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=These are the UK supermarket items with the worst environmental impact |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2332392-these-are-the-uk-supermarket-items-with-the-worst-environmental-impact/ |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Clark |first1=Michael |last2=Springmann |first2=Marco |last3=Rayner |first3=Mike |last4=Scarborough |first4=Peter |last5=Hill |first5=Jason |last6=Tilman |first6=David |last7=Macdiarmid |first7=Jennie I. |last8=Fanzo |first8=Jessica |last9=Bandy |first9=Lauren |last10=Harrington |first10=Richard A. |title=Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=33 |pages=e2120584119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2120584119 |pmid=35939701 |pmc=9388151 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11920584C |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref> **A study {{tooltip|2=it concludes that '58% (that is, 218 out of 375) of infectious diseases confronted by humanity worldwide have been at some point aggravated by climatic hazards'|quantifies}} the large extent of [[Climate change and infectious diseases|climate change impacts on infectious diseases]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Climate impacts have worsened vast range of human diseases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/08/climate-crisis-study-human-diseases |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Mora |first1=Camilo |last2=McKenzie |first2=Tristan |last3=Gaw |first3=Isabella M. |last4=Dean |first4=Jacqueline M. |last5=von Hammerstein |first5=Hannah |last6=Knudson |first6=Tabatha A. |last7=Setter |first7=Renee O. |last8=Smith |first8=Charlotte Z. |last9=Webster |first9=Kira M. |last10=Patz |first10=Jonathan A. |last11=Franklin |first11=Erik C. |title=Over half of known human pathogenic diseases can be aggravated by climate change |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=September 2022 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=869–875 |doi=10.1038/s41558-022-01426-1 |pmid=35968032 |pmc=9362357 |bibcode=2022NatCC..12..869M |language=en |issn=1758-6798}}</ref> **The creation of [[artificial neuron]]s that can [[neuromorphic engineering|receive and release]] [[dopamine]] ([[neurotransmitter|chemical signals]] rather than electrical signals) and communicate with natural rat [[soft robot|muscle]] and [[brain cell]]s is reported, with potential for use in [[Brain–computer interface|BCIs]]/[[Wetware computer#Future applications|prosthetics]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Artificial neuron swaps dopamine with rat brain cells like a real one |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2332554-artificial-neuron-swaps-dopamine-with-rat-brain-cells-like-a-real-one/ |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Wang |first1=Ting |last2=Wang |first2=Ming |last3=Wang |first3=Jianwu |last4=Yang |first4=Le |last5=Ren |first5=Xueyang |last6=Song |first6=Gang |last7=Chen |first7=Shisheng |last8=Yuan |first8=Yuehui |last9=Liu |first9=Ruiqing |last10=Pan |first10=Liang |last11=Li |first11=Zheng |last12=Leow |first12=Wan Ru |last13=Luo |first13=Yifei |last14=Ji |first14=Shaobo |last15=Cui |first15=Zequn |last16=He |first16=Ke |last17=Zhang |first17=Feilong |last18=Lv |first18=Fengting |last19=Tian |first19=Yuanyuan |last20=Cai |first20=Kaiyu |last21=Yang |first21=Bowen |last22=Niu |first22=Jingyi |last23=Zou |first23=Haochen |last24=Liu |first24=Songrui |last25=Xu |first25=Guoliang |last26=Fan |first26=Xing |last27=Hu |first27=Benhui |last28=Loh |first28=Xian Jun |last29=Wang |first29=Lianhui |last30=Chen |first30=Xiaodong |title=A chemically mediated artificial neuron |journal=Nature Electronics |date=8 August 2022 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=586–595 |doi=10.1038/s41928-022-00803-0 |hdl=10356/163240 |s2cid=251464760 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362561968 |language=en |issn=2520-1131|url-access=subscription}}</ref> **A [[cancer screening|screening]] [[artificial intelligence in healthcare|AI]] system for many cancer types that [[Data integration#Medicine and Life Sciences|integrates]] different types of data via [[multimodal learning]] is reported.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Quach |first1=Katyanna |title=Harvard boffins build multimodal AI system to predict cancer |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/08/09/ai_cancer_multimodal/ |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=The Register |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Chen |first1=Richard J. |last2=Lu |first2=Ming Y. |last3=Williamson |first3=Drew F. K. |last4=Chen |first4=Tiffany Y. |last5=Lipkova |first5=Jana |last6=Noor |first6=Zahra |last7=Shaban |first7=Muhammad |last8=Shady |first8=Maha |last9=Williams |first9=Mane |last10=Joo |first10=Bumjin |last11=Mahmood |first11=Faisal |title=Pan-cancer integrative histology-genomic analysis via multimodal deep learning |journal=Cancer Cell |date=8 August 2022 |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=865–878.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ccell.2022.07.004 |pmid=35944502 |s2cid=251456162 |language=English |issn=1535-6108}} * Teaching hospital press release: {{#invoke:cite news ||title=New AI technology integrates multiple data types to predict cancer outcomes |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-ai-technology-multiple-cancer-outcomes.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Brigham and Women's Hospital]] via medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Alstom Coradia iLint 'Hydrail' auf der InnoTrans 2016 in Berlin.jpg|thumb|24 August: The first rail line entirely run by [[Hydrail|hydrogen-powered trains]] debuts in Germany.]] *10 August – [[2022 monkeypox outbreak]]: Evidence of [[Spillover infection|human-to-dog transmission]] is reported.<ref name="sciencenewsinfection-animal-spillover">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Monkeypox infected a dog. Which animals may be next? |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/monkeypox-dog-infection-animal-spillover |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Science News |date=17 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Seang |first1=Sophie |last2=Burrel |first2=Sonia |last3=Todesco |first3=Eve |last4=Leducq |first4=Valentin |last5=Monsel |first5=Gentiane |last6=Pluart |first6=Diane Le |last7=Cordevant |first7=Christophe |last8=Pourcher |first8=Valérie |last9=Palich |first9=Romain |title=Evidence of human-to-dog transmission of monkeypox virus |journal=The Lancet |date=27 August 2022 |volume=400 |issue=10353 |pages=658–659 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01487-8 |pmid=35963267 |pmc=9536767 |s2cid=251475955 |language=English |issn=0140-6736}}</ref><br/>On 4 August, a [[preprint]] reports that early post-exposure [[ring vaccination]] despite high efficacy "did not completely prevent [[breakthrough infection]]s".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=How effective is the monkeypox vaccine? Scientists scramble for clues as trials ramp up |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/how-effective-monkeypox-vaccine-scientists-scramble-clues-trials-ramp |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Science |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||website=medRxiv |last1=Thy |first1=Michael |last2=Peiffer-Smadja |first2=Nathan |last3=Mailhe |first3=Morgane |last4=Kramer |first4=Laura |last5=Ferré |first5=Valentine Marie |last6=Houhou-Fidouh |first6=Nadhira |last7=Tarhini |first7=Hassan |last8=Bertin |first8=Chloé |last9=Beaumont |first9=Anne-Lise |display-authors=et al. |title=Breakthrough infections after post-exposure vaccination against Monkeypox |url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.03.22278233v1 |pages=2022.08.03.22278233 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2022.08.03.22278233 |date=4 August 2022|s2cid=251315495 }}</ref><br/>On 15 August, a [[preprint]] suggests the virus has potential to infect {{tooltip|2=it claims to 'show that the number of potentially susceptible species is currently underestimated by 2.4 to 4.3-fold' (many of which native to Europe)|a diverse range of native animals across Europe}}.<ref name="sciencenewsinfection-animal-spillover"/><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||website=bioRxiv |last1=Blagrove |first1=Marcus SC |last2=Pilgrim |first2=Jack |last3=Kotsiri |first3=Aurelia |last4=Hui |first4=Melody |last5=Baylis |first5=Matthew |last6=Wardeh |first6=Maya |title=Monkeypox virus shows potential to infect a diverse range of native animal species across Europe, indicating high risk of becoming endemic in the region |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.08.13.503846v1.full |pages=2022.08.13.503846 |language=en |doi=10.1101/2022.08.13.503846 |date=15 August 2022|s2cid=251647366 }}</ref><br/>On 16 August, a [[scientific review|review]] recommends a '[[Living document|living guideline]]' framework for needed clinical management research.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Study highlights the lack of evidence-based clinical management guidelines for monkeypox |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220818/Study-highlights-the-lack-of-evidence-based-clinical-management-guidelines-for-monkeypox.aspx |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=News-Medical.net |date=18 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Webb |first1=Eika |last2=Rigby |first2=Ishmeala |last3=Michelen |first3=Melina |last4=Dagens |first4=Andrew |last5=Cheng |first5=Vincent |last6=Rojek |first6=Amanda M. |last7=Dahmash |first7=Dania |last8=Khader |first8=Susan |last9=Gedela |first9=Keerti |last10=Norton |first10=Alice |last11=Cevik |first11=Muge |last12=Cai |first12=Erhui |last13=Harriss |first13=Eli |last14=Lipworth |first14=Samuel |last15=Nartowski |first15=Robert |last16=Groves |first16=Helen |last17=Hart |first17=Peter |last18=Blumberg |first18=Lucille |last19=Fletcher |first19=Tom |last20=Jacob |first20=Shevin T. |last21=Sigfrid |first21=Louise |last22=Horby |first22=Peter W. |title=Availability, scope and quality of monkeypox clinical management guidelines globally: a systematic review |journal=BMJ Global Health |date=1 August 2022 |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=e009838 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009838 |pmid=35973747 |pmc=9472169 |language=en |issn=2059-7908}}</ref><br/>On 19 August, a [[CDC]] study summarizes current knowledge about the transmission of monkeypox.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Monkeypox virus detected on household items |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20220829/Monkeypox-virus-detected-on-household-items.aspx |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=News-Medical.net |date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Jack A. |title=High-Contact Object and Surface Contamination in a Household of Persons with Monkeypox Virus Infection — Utah, June 2022 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |date=2022 |volume=71 |issue=34 |pages=1092–1094 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7134e1 |pmid=36006842 |pmc=9422960 |language=en-us |issn=0149-2195}}</ref><br/>[[Wastewater surveillance]], which substantially expanded during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] is used to detect monkeypox,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Wastewater surveillance becomes more targeted in search for poliovirus, monkeypox and coronavirus |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/wastewater-surveillance-becomes-more-targeted-in-search-for-poliovirus-monkeypox-and-coronavirus/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Payne |first1=Aaron |last2=Kreidler |first2=Mark |title=COVID sewage surveillance labs join the hunt for monkeypox |url=https://woub.org/2022/08/08/covid-sewage-surveillance-labs-join-the-hunt-for-monkeypox/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=WOUB Public Media |date=8 August 2022}}</ref> with one team of researchers describing their qualitative detection method on 31 August.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=de Jonge |first1=Eline F. |last2=Peterse |first2=Céline M. |last3=Koelewijn |first3=Jaap M. |last4=van der Drift |first4=Anne-Merel R. |last5=van der Beek |first5=Rudolf F. H. J. |last6=Nagelkerke |first6=Erwin |last7=Lodder |first7=Willemijn J. |title=The detection of monkeypox virus DNA in wastewater samples in the Netherlands |journal=Science of the Total Environment |date=15 December 2022 |volume=852 |pages=158265 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158265 |pmid=36057309 |pmc=9558568 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.852o8265D |language=en |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[File:Hot Gas Giant Exoplanet WASP-39 b (NIRSpec Transmission Spectrum).png|thumb|25 August: The first clear evidence for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of an exoplanet is revealed by the James Webb Space Telescope.]] *11 August – A [[Tissue engineering|bioengineered]] [[cornea]] made from pig's skin is shown to restore vision to blind people. It can be mass-produced and stored for up to two years, unlike donated human corneas that are scarce and must be used within two weeks.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Bioengineered cornea can restore sight to the blind and visually impaired |url=https://liu.se/en/news-item/biokonstruerad-hornhinna-kan-ge-blinda-synen-ater |access-date=14 August 2022|date=11 August 2022 |work=[[Linköping University]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Rafat |first1=Mehrdad |last2=Jabbarvand |first2=Mahmoud |last3=Sharma |first3=Namrata |last4=Xeroudaki |first4=Maria |last5=Tabe |first5=Shideh |last6=Omrani |first6=Raha |last7=Thangavelu |first7=Muthukumar |last8=Mukwaya |first8=Anthony |last9=Fagerholm |first9=Per |last10=Lennikov |first10=Anton |last11=Askarizadeh |first11=Farshad |last12=Lagali |first12=Neil |title=Bioengineered corneal tissue for minimally invasive vision restoration in advanced keratoconus in two clinical cohorts |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=11 August 2022 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=70–81 |doi=10.1038/s41587-022-01408-w |pmid=35953672 |pmc=9849136 |language=en |issn=1546-1696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> *12 August — The [[National Centers for Environmental Information]] publish {{tooltip|a report|called "Assessing the Global Climate in July 2022"}}, where they state an all-time record cold temperature occurred in Australia during the month. On October 7, 2022, Zack Labe, a climate scientist for the NOAA [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory|GFDL]] releases a statement and a climate report from [[Berkeley Earth]] denying the all-time record cold temperature occurred saying, "There are still no areas of record cold so far in 2022."<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Assessing the Global Climate in July 2022 |date=11 August 2022 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/global-climate-202207 |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last1=Labe |first1=Zack |title=There are still *no* areas of record cold so far in 2022. This visual is always so striking to me. [August monthly climate report from @BerkeleyEarth at ...] |number=1578546766131376129 |user=ZLabe |access-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009230737/https://twitter.com/ZLabe/status/1578546766131376129 |archive-date=9 October 2022}} Labe linked to https://berkeleyearth.org/august-2022-temperature-update/.</ref> Labe's statement also denies the record cold temperatures in [[Brazil]], reported by the [[National Institute of Meteorology]] in May 2022, a month before the official start of winter, was also not record cold temperatures.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Record-breaking cold in Brazil threatens homeless, crops |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-05-record-breaking-cold-brazil-threatens-homeless.html |website=Phys.org |publisher=Phys.org |access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> *13 August – [[Rocket Lab]] describes its self-funded plans in detail, first announced in early 2020,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Oberhaus |first1=Daniel |title=Rocket Lab Could Beat NASA Back to Venus in the Search for ET |url=https://www.wired.com/story/rocket-lab-could-beat-nasa-back-to-venus-in-the-search-for-et/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> to send a probe to Venus, [[List of missions to Venus#Under development|likely in 2023]], to search for life in the planet's cloud layer, where other scientists reported [[Life on Venus|the potential detection]] of [[biosignature]]-levels of [[phosphine]] {{tooltip|2=the detection was controversial and the authors of the study published several studies after 2020|in late 2020 and thereafter}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Berger |first1=Eric |title=Rocket Lab will self-fund a mission to search for life in the clouds of Venus |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/08/rocket-lab-will-self-fund-a-mission-to-search-for-life-in-the-clouds-of-venus/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=17 August 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=French |first1=Richard |last2=Mandy |first2=Christophe |last3=Hunter |first3=Richard |last4=Mosleh |first4=Ehson |last5=Sinclair |first5=Doug |last6=Beck |first6=Peter |last7=Seager |first7=Sara |last8=Petkowski |first8=Janusz J. |last9=Carr |first9=Christopher E. |last10=Grinspoon |first10=David H. |display-authors=et al.|title=Rocket Lab Mission to Venus |journal=Aerospace |date=August 2022 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=445 |doi=10.3390/aerospace9080445 |arxiv=2208.07724 |bibcode=2022Aeros...9..445F |language=en |issn=2226-4310|doi-access=free }}</ref> *~14 August – As [[2022 heat waves|record-breaking]] [[heatwave]]s and [[drought]]s affect water supplies, rivers (along with shipping and [[Nuclear reactor coolant#Water|nuclear reactor cooling]]), ecosystems, various global supply chains, health, and agriculture worldwide,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Buckley |first1=Julia |title=Europe's drought could signal the death of river cruising |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/europe-drought-river-cruising/index.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=CNN |language=en|date=14 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Meynen |first1=Nick |title=What the droughts expose |url=https://meta.eeb.org/2022/09/01/what-the-droughts-expose/ |website=META |access-date=18 September 2022 |date=1 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Heatwave in China is the most severe ever recorded in the world |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2334921-heatwave-in-china-is-the-most-severe-ever-recorded-in-the-world/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Bradsher |first2=Keith |title=Climate Change Could Worsen Supply Chain Turmoil |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/08/business/economy/climate-change-supply-chain.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=8 September 2022}}</ref> [[2022 European heat waves|in Europe]], Spain domestically restricts e.g. [[air conditioning]] to defined temperature ranges,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sullivan |first1=Will |title=Spain Restricts Use of Air Conditioning in Public Places |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/spain-restricts-use-of-air-conditioning-in-public-places-180980539/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> [[2022 North American heat waves|in the U.S.]], entities are required to provide [[plan]]s to reduce their water usage,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Sullivan |first1=Will |title=Western States Are Fighting Over How to Conserve Shrinking Water Supply |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/western-states-are-fighting-over-how-to-conserve-dwindling-water-180980612/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[2022 China heat wave|China]] experiences large [[power blackout|blackouts]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Gan |first1=Nectar |title=China's worst heat wave on record is crippling power supplies. How it reacts will impact us all |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/26/china/china-sichuan-power-crunch-climate-change-mic-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=CNN |date=26 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and experiments with [[cloud seeding]] among other measures, despite experts stating it would be "marginally effective" and possibly exacerbate problems.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Baraniuk |first1=Chris |title=To Fight Severe Drought, China Is Turning to Technology |url=https://www.wired.com/story/china-drought-solutions/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> [[Media coverage of climate change|Several journalists]] of [[online newspaper]]s have put these [[extreme weather]] events into [[Effects of climate change#Heat waves and temperature extremes|the context]] of [[climate change adaptation]] (alongside highlighting of the importance of [[climate change mitigation]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Pulver |first1=Dinah Voyles |title=Extreme heat waves may be our new normal, thanks to climate change. Is the globe prepared? |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-08-extreme-climate-globe.html |work=USA Today via phys.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Analysis {{!}} Droughts Don't Have to Be This Painful |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/energy/droughts-dont-have-to-be-this-painful/2022/09/08/f9776eea-2f76-11ed-bcc6-0874b26ae296_story.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=How 'heat officers' plan to help cities survive ever-hotter summers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/28/cities-extreme-heat-adaptation-heat-officers/ |access-date=18 September 2022 |newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> *15 August – A study on the food impacts of a [[nuclear war]] is published. It finds that even a small-scale conflict between India and Pakistan would decrease global average [[calorie|caloric production]] by 7%, while a full-scale U.S.-Russia nuclear conflict would result in a 90% loss, killing more than 5 billion people worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=Nuclear war between two nations could spark global famine |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02219-4 |access-date=16 August 2022|date=15 August 2022 |journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-022-02219-4 |last1=Witze |first1=Alexandra |volume=608 |issue=7924 |page=661 |pmid=35970885 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..661W |s2cid=251593664 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Xia |first1=Lili |last2=Robock |first2=Alan |last3=Scherrer |first3=Kim |last4=Harrison |first4=Cheryl S. |last5=Bodirsky |first5=Benjamin Leon |last6=Weindl |first6=Isabelle |last7=Jägermeyr |first7=Jonas |last8=Bardeen |first8=Charles G. |last9=Toon |first9=Owen B. |last10=Heneghan |first10=Ryan |title=Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection |journal=Nature Food |date=15 August 2022 |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=586–596 |doi=10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0|pmid=37118594 |doi-access=free}} * University press release: {{#invoke:cite web ||title= Nuclear war would cause a global famine and kill billions, Rutgers-led study finds |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/961482 |access-date=16 August 2022|date=15 August 2022 |work=[[Rutgers University]] via EurekAlert!}}</ref> [[File:Turritopsis dohrnii.jpg|thumb|29 August: Scientists report [[Longevity#Non-human biological longevity|the key molecular mechanisms]] of [[rejuvenation]] they found in a [[Comparative genomics|comparison of the newly presented genomes]] of the [[biological immortality|biologically immortal]] ''[[Turritopsis dohrnii|T. dohrnii]]'' and a similar but non-rejuvenating [[jellyfish]].]] *16 August – A university reports the [[Open-source robotics|release of 'Quad-SDK']] which may be the first<!--or most advanced open source--> [[free and open source software|open source]] [[Solution stack|full-stack]] software for large [[Robot locomotion|agile]] [[Legged robot#Four-legged|four-legged robots]], compatible with the [[Robot Operating System|ROS]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Video Friday: Grip Anything |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/video-friday-grip-everything |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=IEEE Spectrum |date=29 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2022}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Norby |first1=Joseph |last2=Yang |first2=Yanhao |last3=Tajbakhsh |first3=Ardalan |last4=Ren |first4=Jiming |last5=Yim |first5=Justin K. |last6=Stutt |first6=Alexandra |last7=Yu |first7=Qishun |last8=Flowers |first8=Nikolai |last9=Johnson |first9=Aaron M. |title=Quad-SDK: Full Stack Software Framework for Agile Quadrupedal Locomotion |url=https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/amj1/papers/Quad_SDK_ICRA_Abstract.pdf |date=May 2022|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> *17 August **A report by [[Global Forest Watch]], using new data,<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Tyukavina |first1=Alexandra |last2=Potapov |first2=Peter |last3=Hansen |first3=Matthew C. |last4=Pickens |first4=Amy H. |last5=Stehman |first5=Stephen V. |last6=Turubanova |first6=Svetlana |last7=Parker |first7=Diana |last8=Zalles |first8=Viviana |last9=Lima |first9=André |last10=Kommareddy |first10=Indrani |last11=Song |first11=Xiao-Peng |last12=Wang |first12=Lei |last13=Harris |first13=Nancy |title=Global Trends of Forest Loss Due to Fire From 2001 to 2019 |journal=Frontiers in Remote Sensing |date=2022 |volume=3 |doi=10.3389/frsen.2022.825190 |issn=2673-6187|doi-access=free}}</ref> concludes that the amount of [[deforestation|tree cover being burned]] has nearly doubled in the past 20 years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Climate change: 'Staggering' rate of global tree losses from fires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-62569394 |access-date=17 August 2022|date=17 August 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Two Decades of Fire-Driven Loss in Unprecedented Detail {{!}} GFW |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/blog/fires/trends-tree-loss-from-fires-unprecedented-detail/ |website=Global Forest Watch Content |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=17 August 2022}}</ref> **The [[Nadir crater]], likely the result of a second, smaller asteroid that struck {{tooltip|2=(the dinosaurs' extinction event)|around the same time as the [[Chicxulub impact]]}}, is identified and described by researchers.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Scientists discover a 5-mile wide undersea crater created as the dinosaurs disappeared |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/17/africa/asteroid-crater-west-africa-scn/index.html |access-date=18 August 2022|date=18 August 2022 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=The Nadir Crater offshore West Africa: A candidate Cretaceous-Paleogene impact structure |date=17 August 2022 |journal=Science Advances|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abn3096 |last1=Nicholson |first1=Uisdean |last2=Bray |first2=Veronica J. |last3=Gulick |first3=Sean P. S. |last4=Aduomahor |first4=Benedict |volume=8 |issue=33 |pages=eabn3096 |pmid=35977017 |pmc=9385158 |bibcode=2022SciA....8N3096N |doi-access=free}}</ref> **Geologists warn that the world is "woefully [[disaster preparedness|underprepared]]" for a [[Types of volcanic eruptions|massive]] [[Volcano#Hazards|volcanic eruption]]. They estimate a one-in-six chance of a [[Volcanic explosivity index|magnitude seven explosion]] in the next one hundred years.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Risk of volcano catastrophe 'a roll of the dice', say experts |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/961728 |date=17 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022 |work=[[University of Cambridge]] via EurekAlert!}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Cassidy |first1=Michael |last2=Mani |first2=Lara |title=Huge volcanic eruptions: time to prepare |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02177-x |journal=Nature |access-date=16 September 2022 |pages=469–471 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-02177-x |date=August 2022|volume=608 |issue=7923 |pmid=35978116 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..469C |s2cid=251645203 }}</ref> **Researchers report the development of floating [[Artificial photosynthesis|artificial leaves]] for light-driven [[hydrogen]] and [[syngas]] fuel production. The lightweight, flexible devices are scalable and can float on water similar to [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus leaves]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Floating artificial leaf converts energy from sunlight into fuel |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2334240-floating-artificial-leaf-converts-energy-from-sunlight-into-fuel/ |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Andrei |first1=Virgil |last2=Ucoski |first2=Geani M. |last3=Pornrungroj |first3=Chanon |last4=Uswachoke |first4=Chawit |last5=Wang |first5=Qian |last6=Achilleos |first6=Demetra S. |last7=Kasap |first7=Hatice |last8=Sokol |first8=Katarzyna P. |last9=Jagt |first9=Robert A. |last10=Lu |first10=Haijiao |last11=Lawson |first11=Takashi |last12=Wagner |first12=Andreas |last13=Pike |first13=Sebastian D. |last14=Wright |first14=Dominic S. |last15=Hoye |first15=Robert L. Z. |display-authors=10 |date=2022-08-17 |title=Floating perovskite-BiVO4 devices for scalable solar fuel production |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362753722 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=608 |issue=7923 |pages=518–522 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04978-6 |pmid=35978127 |bibcode=2022Natur.608..518A |s2cid=251645379 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}} * University press release: {{#invoke:cite news ||title=Floating 'artificial leaves' ride the wave of clean fuel production |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-artificial-fuel-production.html |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=[[University of Cambridge]] |language=en}}</ref> {{multiple image | align = right | caption_align = left | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Text-to-image woman underwater.png | caption1 = | image2 = Gold Dragon Illustration by Stable Diffusionn.webp | caption2 = ~August: [[Artificial intelligence art]] becomes highly sophisticated and popular and starts winning art prizes. The two images are made via the open source [[Stable Diffusion]]. }} *18 August **A weak spot in the [[spike protein]] of [[SARS-CoV-2]] is described by researchers, which an [[antibody]] fragment called V<small>H</small> Ab6 can attach to, potentially neutralising all major [[COVID-19 variants|variants]] of the virus.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=UBC researchers discover 'weak spot' across major COVID-19 variants |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/962037 |date=18 August 2022|access-date=19 August 2022 |website=EurekAlert!}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Mannar |first1=Dhiraj |last2=Saville |first2=James W. |last3=Sun |first3=Zehua |last4=Zhu |first4=Xing |last5=Marti |first5=Michelle M. |last6=Srivastava |first6=Shanti S. |last7=Berezuk |first7=Alison M. |last8=Zhou |first8=Steven |last9=Tuttle |first9=Katharine S. |last10=Sobolewski |first10=Michele D. |last11=Kim |first11=Andrew |last12=Treat |first12=Benjamin R. |last13=Da Silva Castanha |first13=Priscila Mayrelle |last14=Jacobs |first14=Jana L. |last15=Barratt-Boyes |first15=Simon M. |last16=Mellors |first16=John W. |last17=Dimitrov |first17=Dimiter S. |last18=Li |first18=Wei |last19=Subramaniam |first19=Sriram |title=SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: spike protein mutational analysis and epitope for broad neutralization |journal=Nature Communications |date=18 August 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=4696 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-32262-8|pmid=35982054 |pmc=9388680 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4696M |doi-access=free}}</ref> On 11 August, researchers report a single antibody, SP1-77, that could potentially neutralize all known variants of the virus via a novel mechanism, not by not preventing the virus from binding to [[ACE2]] receptors but by blocking it from fusing with host cells' [[cell membrane|membranes]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=New Antibody Neutralizes All Known COVID-19 Variants |url=https://www.iflscience.com/new-antibody-neutralizes-all-known-covid-19-variants-64956 |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=IFLScience |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Luo |first1=Sai |last2=Zhang |first2=Jun |last3=Kreutzberger |first3=Alex J.B. |last4=Eaton |first4=Amanda |last5=Edwards |first5=Robert J. |last6=Jing |first6=Changbin |last7=Dai |first7=Hai-Qiang |last8=Sempowski |first8=Gregory D. |last9=Cronin |first9=Kenneth |last10=Parks |first10=Robert |last11=Ye |first11=Adam Yongxin |last12=Mansouri |first12=Katayoun |last13=Barr |first13=Maggie |last14=Pishesha |first14=Novalia |last15=Williams |first15=Aimee Chapdelaine |last16=Vieira Francisco |first16=Lucas |last17=Saminathan |first17=Anand |last18=Peng |first18=Hanqin |last19=Batra |first19=Himanshu |last20=Bellusci |first20=Lorenza |last21=Khurana |first21=Surender |last22=Alam |first22=S. Munir |last23=Montefiori |first23=David C. |last24=Saunders |first24=Kevin O. |last25=Tian |first25=Ming |last26=Ploegh |first26=Hidde |last27=Kirchhausen |first27=Tom |last28=Chen |first28=Bing |last29=Haynes |first29=Barton F. |last30=Alt |first30=Frederick W. |title=An Antibody from Single Human V<sub>H</sub>-rearranging Mouse Neutralizes All SARS-CoV-2 Variants Through BA.5 by Inhibiting Membrane Fusion |journal=Science Immunology |date=11 August 2022 |volume=7 |issue=76 |pages=eadd5446 |doi=10.1126/sciimmunol.add5446 |pmid=35951767 |pmc=9407951 |language=en |issn=2470-9468|doi-access=free}} * University press release: {{#invoke:cite news ||title=One for All? |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/news/one-all |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=[[Harvard Medical School]] |language=en}}</ref> **Multiple gene editing of [[soybean]] is shown to improve [[photosynthesis]] and [[Genetically modified crops#Yield|boost yields]] by 20%.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Food crops made 20% more efficient at harnessing sunlight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-62592286 |date=19 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Souza |first1=Amanda P. De |title=Soybean photosynthesis and crop yield are improved by accelerating recovery from photoprotection |journal=Science |date=19 August 2022 |volume=377 |issue=6608 |pages=851–854 |doi=10.1126/science.adc9831 |pmid=35981033 |bibcode=2022Sci...377..851D |s2cid=251670065 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adc9831|url-access=subscription|display-authors=et al.}} * University press release: {{#invoke:cite web ||title=Bioengineering: Better photosynthesis increases yields in food crops |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/08/220818141733.htm |date=18 August 2022|access-date=21 August 2022 |work=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] via Science Daily}}</ref> **A researcher reports that the social media [[mobile security|app]] [[TikTok]] adds a [[keylogger]] to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-app [[Mobile browser|browser]] in [[iOS]], which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claims such capabilities are only used for [[debugging]]-types of purposes.<ref name="theguardian2022aug24">{{#invoke:cite news ||title=TikTok can track users' every tap as they visit other sites through iOS app, new research shows |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/aug/24/tiktok-can-track-users-every-tap-as-they-visit-other-sites-through-ios-app-new-research-shows |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=24 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="krausefxinapp">{{#invoke:cite web ||title=iOS Privacy: Announcing InAppBrowser.com - see what JavaScript commands get injected through an in-app browser · Felix Krause |url=https://krausefx.com/blog/announcing-inappbrowsercom-see-what-javascript-commands-get-executed-in-an-in-app-browser |website=krausefx.com |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> To date, it has [[research question|largely not been investigated]] which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection.<ref name="theguardian2022aug24"/><ref name="krausefxinapp"/>{{additional citation needed|date=September 2022}} **A university reports the development of an invisible [[coating]] for [[Fireproofing|fireproof]] [[Fire safety|wood]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Paleja |first1=Ameya |title=A fireproof wood achieves the highest class in burning test thanks to an invisible coating |url=https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/invisible-coating-fireproofs-wood |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=interestingengineering.com |date=22 August 2022}}</ref> *20 August – A [[Global Burden of Disease Study|GBD]] [[Systematic review|systematic analysis]] reports the (non)[[progress]] on [[cancer]] and its causes during the 2010-19 decade, with ~44% of all cancer deaths in [[2019]] – or ~4.5 M deaths or ~105 million lost [[disability-adjusted life year|DALYs]] – [[List of causes of death by rate#Underlying causes|due to known clearly preventable risk factors (contributions)]], led by [[smoking]], [[Alcohol and health|alcohol use]] and [[obesity|high BMI]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Tobacco, alcohol are main causes of cancer worldwide: Study |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-tobacco-alcohol-main-cancer-worldwide.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Tran |first1=Khanh Bao |last2=Lang |first2=Justin J. |last3=Compton |first3=Kelly |last4=Xu |first4=Rixing |last5=Acheson |first5=Alistair R. |last6=Henrikson |first6=Hannah Jacqueline |last7=Kocarnik |first7=Jonathan M. |last8=Penberthy |first8=Louise |last9=Aali |first9=Amirali |last10=Abbas |first10=Qamar |display-authors=et al. |title=The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 |journal=The Lancet |date=20 August 2022 |volume=400 |issue=10352 |pages=563–591 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6 |pmid=35988567 |pmc=9395583 |language=English |issn=0140-6736|doi-access=free}}</ref> *22 August **A university reports the development of a driver [[Sandbox (computer security)|isolation]] framework to protect operating system kernels, primarily the [[Monolithic kernel|monolithic]] [[Linux kernel]] which gets ~80,000 [[Commit (version control)|commits]]/year to its drivers, from [[bug (computing)|defects]] and [[vulnerability (computing)|vulnerabilities]] in [[device driver]]s,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Huang |first1=Yongzhe |last2=Narayanan |first2=Vikram |last3=Detweiler |first3=David |last4=Huang |first4=Kaiming |last5=Tan |first5=Gang |last6=Jaeger |first6=Trent |last7=Burtsev |first7=Anton |title=KSplit: Automating Device Driver Isolation |url=https://mars-research.github.io/doc/ksplit-osdi22.pdf |access-date=15 September 2022 |date=2022}}</ref> with the Mars Research Group developers describing this lack of isolation as one of the [[computer security|main factors]] undermining [[Kernel (operating system)#Protection|kernel security]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Fine-grained kernel isolation |url=https://mars-research.github.io/projects/kernel-isolation/ |website=mars-research.github.io |access-date=15 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> **Scientists demonstrate that [[Transcranial alternating current stimulation|tACS]] brain stimulation can, depending on the frequency, for one month improve (either) [[short-term memory]] or [[long-term memory]] [[brain aging|in 65–88-years-old people]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=LaMotte |first1=Sandee |title=Brain stimulation improves short-term memory in older adults, study finds |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/22/health/brain-stimulation-memory-wellness/index.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Grover |first1=Shrey |last2=Wen |first2=Wen |last3=Viswanathan |first3=Vighnesh |last4=Gill |first4=Christopher T. |last5=Reinhart |first5=Robert M. G. |title=Long-lasting, dissociable improvements in working memory and long-term memory in older adults with repetitive neuromodulation |journal=Nature Neuroscience |date=September 2022 |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=1237–1246 |doi=10.1038/s41593-022-01132-3 |pmid=35995877 |pmc=10068908 |s2cid=251742309 |language=en |issn=1546-1726}}</ref> **Scientists report a so far unique and unknown feature of material [[Vanadium(IV) oxide|VO<sub>2</sub>]] – it can "remember" <!--"the entire history{{clarify|date=September 2022}} of -->previous external stimuli (via structural rather than electronic states), with potential for e.g. data storage.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Researchers discover a material that can learn like the brain |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-08-material-brain.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=[[Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Samizadeh Nikoo |first1=Mohammad |last2=Soleimanzadeh |first2=Reza |last3=Krammer |first3=Anna |last4=Migliato Marega |first4=Guilherme |last5=Park |first5=Yunkyu |last6=Son |first6=Junwoo |last7=Schueler |first7=Andreas |last8=Kis |first8=Andras |last9=Moll |first9=Philip J. W. |last10=Matioli |first10=Elison |title=Electrical control of glass-like dynamics in vanadium dioxide for data storage and processing |journal=Nature Electronics |date=22 August 2022 |volume=5 |issue=9 |pages=596–603 |doi=10.1038/s41928-022-00812-z |s2cid=251759964 |language=en |issn=2520-1131|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-022-00812-z|url-access=subscription}}</ref> **A university reports the first successful [[organ transplantation|transplantation]] of an [[organoid]] into a human, first announced on 7 July,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=World's first mini organ transportation to a patient with ulcerative colitis |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-world-mini-patient-ulcerative-colitis.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Tokyo Medical and Dental University]] via medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=September 2022}} with the underlying study being published in February.<ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Watanabe |first1=Satoshi |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Sakurako |last3=Ogasawara |first3=Nobuhiko |last4=Okamoto |first4=Ryuichi |last5=Nakamura |first5=Tetsuya |last6=Watanabe |first6=Mamoru |last7=Jensen |first7=Kim B. |last8=Yui |first8=Shiro |title=Transplantation of intestinal organoids into a mouse model of colitis |journal=Nature Protocols |date=March 2022 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=649–671 |doi=10.1038/s41596-021-00658-3 |pmid=35110738 |s2cid=246488596 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41596-021-00658-3 |language=en |issn=1750-2799|url-access=subscription}}</ref> *23 August **A study reports that [[Doppelgänger|look-alike humans]] have genetic similarities, sharing [[Face#Variability|genes affecting not only the face]] but also some [[phenotype]]s of physique and [[Behavioral genetics|behavior]], also indicating that (their) differences in the [[epigenome]] and [[microbiome]] contribute [[Multiomics|only modestly]] to [[human variability]] in facial appearance.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Golembiewski |first1=Kate |last2=Brunelle |first2=François |title=Your Doppelgänger Is Out There and You Probably Share DNA With Them |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/23/science/doppelgangers-twins-dna.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Joshi |first1=Ricky S. |last2=Rigau |first2=Maria |last3=García-Prieto |first3=Carlos A. |last4=Moura |first4=Manuel Castro de |last5=Piñeyro |first5=David |last6=Moran |first6=Sebastian |last7=Davalos |first7=Veronica |last8=Carrión |first8=Pablo |last9=Ferrando-Bernal |first9=Manuel |last10=Olalde |first10=Iñigo |last11=Lalueza-Fox |first11=Carles |last12=Navarro |first12=Arcadi |last13=Fernández-Tena |first13=Carles |last14=Aspandi |first14=Decky |last15=Sukno |first15=Federico M. |last16=Binefa |first16=Xavier |last17=Valencia |first17=Alfonso |last18=Esteller |first18=Manel |title=Look-alike humans identified by facial recognition algorithms show genetic similarities |journal=Cell Reports |date=23 August 2022 |volume=40 |issue=8 |page=111257 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111257 |pmid=36001980 |language=English |issn=2211-1247|doi-access=free}}</ref> **Researchers introduce the concept of 'false social [[Reality#Technology|reality]]' and substantiate it by showing that (a <!--representative-->sample of) [[Climate change in the United States|Americans]] widely [[Public opinion on climate change|underestimate]] general [[Climate communication|public support]] for [[climate change mitigation]] policies by a large margin.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Clifford |first1=Catherine |title=Americans don't think other Americans care about climate change as much as they do |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/08/24/americans-underestimate-how-much-their-peers-care-about-climate-change.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Sparkman |first1=Gregg |last2=Geiger |first2=Nathan |last3=Weber |first3=Elke U. |title=Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half |journal=Nature Communications |date=23 August 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=4779 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-32412-y |pmid=35999211 |pmc=9399177 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4779S |language=en |issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}}</ref> **A [[genome-wide association study]] [[meta-analysis]] reports genetic factors of, the [[Origin of language|so far]] [[Evolution of the brain#Genetic factors of recent evolution|uniquely human]], [[Neurogenetics|language-related]] [[skill]]s, in particular factors of differences in skill-levels of five tested traits. It e.g. identified association with [[neuroanatomy]] of a language-related brain area via [[neuroimaging]] correlation.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Massive genome study informs the biology of reading and language |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-massive-genome-biology-language.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=[[Max Planck Society]] via medicalxpress.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Eising |first1=Else |last2=Mirza-Schreiber |first2=Nazanin |last3=de Zeeuw |first3=Eveline L. |last4=Wang |first4=Carol A. |last5=Truong |first5=Dongnhu T. |last6=Allegrini |first6=Andrea G. |last7=Shapland |first7=Chin Yang |last8=Zhu |first8=Gu |last9=Wigg |first9=Karen G. |last10=Gerritse |first10=Margot L. |display-authors=et al. |title=Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=30 August 2022 |volume=119 |issue=35 |pages=e2202764119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2202764119 |pmid=35998220 |pmc=9436320 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11902764E |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free}}</ref> *24 August **The [[dugong]] is declared extinct in China.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Dugong: Animal that inspired mermaid tales extinct in China|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-62638485 |date=24 August 2022|access-date=24 August 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||title=Functional extinction of dugongs in China|date=24 August 2022|journal=Royal Society Open Science|doi=10.1098/rsos.211994 |last1=Lin |first1=Mingli |last2=Turvey |first2=Samuel T. |last3=Han |first3=Chouting |last4=Huang |first4=Xiaoyu |last5=Mazaris |first5=Antonios D. |last6=Liu |first6=Mingming |last7=Ma |first7=Heidi |last8=Yang |first8=Zixin |last9=Tang |first9=Xiaoming |last10=Li |first10=Songhai |volume=9 |issue=8 |page=211994 |pmid=36016916 |pmc=9399689 |bibcode=2022RSOS....911994L }}</ref> **The first rail line entirely run by [[Hydrail|hydrogen-powered trains]] {{tooltip|debuts|the route's 15 diesel trains are getting gradually replaced until end of the year}} in Germany.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Buckley |first1=Julia |title=The world's first hydrogen-powered passenger trains are here |url=https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/coradia-ilint-hydrogen-trains/index.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=CNN |language=en}}</ref> *25 August **The first clear evidence for [[carbon dioxide]] in the atmosphere of an [[exoplanet]] is revealed by the [[James Webb Space Telescope]]. The planet, [[WASP-39b]], is a [[hot Jupiter]] located ~700 light years from Earth.<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=NASA's Webb Detects Carbon Dioxide in Exoplanet Atmosphere|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-webb-detects-carbon-dioxide-in-exoplanet-atmosphere |date=25 August 2022|access-date=25 August 2022 |website=NASA}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=James Webb Space Telescope detects carbon dioxide in exoplanet atmosphere |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/962872 |date=25 August 2022|access-date=25 August 2022 |website=EurekAlert!}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Ahrer |first1=Eva-Maria |last2=Alderson |first2=Lili |last3=Batalha |first3=Natalie M. |display-authors=et al. |title=Identification of carbon dioxide in an exoplanet atmosphere |journal=Nature |date=2 September 2022 |volume=614 |issue=7949 |pages=649–652 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-05269-w |pmid=36055338 |pmc=9946830 |language=en |issn=1476-4687|arxiv=2208.11692|s2cid=251765232 }}</ref> **Researchers report the development of a highly effective [[CRISPR gene editing|CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing]] method [[Gene delivery#Electroporation|without]] expensive [[viral vector]]s, enabling e.g. novel anti-cancer [[Chimeric antigen receptor T cell|CAR-T cell therapies]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Williams |first1=Sarah |title=A cellular engineering breakthrough: High-yield CRISPR without viral vectors |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-08-cellular-breakthrough-high-yield-crispr-viral.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=[[Gladstone Institutes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Shy |first1=Brian R. |last2=Vykunta |first2=Vivasvan S. |last3=Ha |first3=Alvin |last4=Talbot |first4=Alexis |last5=Roth |first5=Theodore L. |last6=Nguyen |first6=David N. |last7=Pfeifer |first7=Wolfgang G. |last8=Chen |first8=Yan Yi |last9=Blaeschke |first9=Franziska |last10=Shifrut |first10=Eric |last11=Vedova |first11=Shane |last12=Mamedov |first12=Murad R. |last13=Chung |first13=Jing-Yi Jing |last14=Li |first14=Hong |last15=Yu |first15=Ruby |last16=Wu |first16=David |last17=Wolf |first17=Jeffrey |last18=Martin |first18=Thomas G. |last19=Castro |first19=Carlos E. |last20=Ye |first20=Lumeng |last21=Esensten |first21=Jonathan H. |last22=Eyquem |first22=Justin |last23=Marson |first23=Alexander |title=High-yield genome engineering in primary cells using a hybrid ssDNA repair template and small-molecule cocktails |journal=Nature Biotechnology |date=25 August 2022 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=521–531 |doi=10.1038/s41587-022-01418-8 |pmid=36008610 |pmc=10065198 |s2cid=251843150 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362934064 |language=en |issn=1546-1696|pmc-embargo-date=February 25, 2024 }}</ref> *26 August – Researchers report the development of [[greenhouse]]s (or [[solar module]]s) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra [[agrivoltaics|that interior plants use]] to pass through.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Kempkens |first1=Wolfgang |title=Strom aus dem Gewächshaus |url=https://www.golem.de/news/saubere-energie-strom-aus-dem-gewaechshaus-2209-168042.html |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=Golem.de}}</ref> *29 August **A study reports that in model animals, treatment with [[MTOR inhibitors#Rapamycin and rapalogs|rapamycin]] – which typically has negative side-effects – for a limited timespan [[life extension|extended lifespan]] as much as life-long administration started at the same age and that it was most effective during early adulthood.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Exploring the brief use of rapamycin treatment in early adulthood to extend lifespan |url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-08-exploring-rapamycin-treatment-early-adulthood.html |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=[[Max Planck Society]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Juricic |first1=Paula |last2=Lu |first2=Yu-Xuan |last3=Leech |first3=Thomas |last4=Drews |first4=Lisa F. |last5=Paulitz |first5=Jonathan |last6=Lu |first6=Jiongming |last7=Nespital |first7=Tobias |last8=Azami |first8=Sina |last9=Regan |first9=Jennifer C. |last10=Funk |first10=Emilie |last11=Fröhlich |first11=Jenny |last12=Grönke |first12=Sebastian |last13=Partridge |first13=Linda |title=Long-lasting geroprotection from brief rapamycin treatment in early adulthood by persistently increased intestinal autophagy |journal=Nature Aging |date=29 August 2022 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=824–836 |doi=10.1038/s43587-022-00278-w |pmid=37118497 |pmc=10154223 |language=en |issn=2662-8465|doi-access=free}}</ref> **Scientists report [[Longevity#Non-human biological longevity|the key molecular mechanisms]] of [[rejuvenation]] they found in a [[Comparative genomics|comparison of the newly presented genomes]] of the [[biological immortality|biologically immortal]] ''[[Turritopsis dohrnii|T. dohrnii]]'' and a similar but non-rejuvenating [[jellyfish]], involving e.g. [[DNA replication]] and [[DNA repair|repair]], and stem cell renewal.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Greenwood |first1=Veronique |title=This Jellyfish Can Live Forever. Its Genes May Tell Us How. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/06/science/immortal-jellyfish-gene-protein.html |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Pascual-Torner |first1=Maria |last2=Carrero |first2=Dido |last3=Pérez-Silva |first3=José G. |last4=Álvarez-Puente |first4=Diana |last5=Roiz-Valle |first5=David |last6=Bretones |first6=Gabriel |last7=Rodríguez |first7=David |last8=Maeso |first8=Daniel |last9=Mateo-González |first9=Elena |last10=Español |first10=Yaiza |last11=Mariño |first11=Guillermo |last12=Acuña |first12=José Luis |last13=Quesada |first13=Víctor |last14=López-Otín |first14=Carlos |title=Comparative genomics of mortal and immortal cnidarians unveils novel keys behind rejuvenation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=6 September 2022 |volume=119 |issue=36 |pages=e2118763119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2118763119 |pmid=36037356 |pmc=9459311 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11918763P |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> **After establishment of the [[Scientist Rebellion]] around March 2021, several researchers affiliated with the movement<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||last1=Gardner |first1=Charlie |last2=Cox |first2=Emily |last3=Capstick |first3=Stuart |title=Extinction Rebellion scientists: Why we glued ourselves to a government department |url=https://phys.org/news/2022-04-extinction-rebellion-scientists-glued-department.html |website=phys.org |access-date=18 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> (six overall) argue for [[civil disobedience]] by colleagues in a commentary behind a [[paywall]], hypothesizing that such may cause significant [[Public opinion on climate change|pro-climate net changes of public opinion]] due to [[climate communication|"potential to cut through the myriad complexities and confusion" in the public]], receiving substantial coverage by [[Online newspaper|online text-based news media]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Scientists call on colleagues to protest climate crisis with civil disobedience |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/29/scientists-call-on-colleagues-to-protest-climate-crisis-with-civil-disobedience |access-date=18 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=29 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Capstick |first1=Stuart |last2=Thierry |first2=Aaron |last3=Cox |first3=Emily |last4=Berglund |first4=Oscar |last5=Westlake |first5=Steve |last6=Steinberger |first6=Julia K. |title=Civil disobedience by scientists helps press for urgent climate action |journal=Nature Climate Change |date=September 2022 |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=773–774 |doi=10.1038/s41558-022-01461-y |bibcode=2022NatCC..12..773C |s2cid=251912378 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01461-y |language=en |issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref> *31 August **Scientists warn, in a [[Academic publishing#Categories of papers|follow-up paper]] to their 2021 study, that a third of tree species are threatened with [[Holocene extinction|extinction]], showing how this will significantly [[Biodiversity loss|alter]] the world's [[ecosystem]]s, may negatively affect billions, and could get averted with "urgent actions".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=Prevent tree extinctions or face global ecological catastrophe, scientists warn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/02/tree-extinctions-species-wildlife-ecosystems-scientists-aoe |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=2 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Rivers |first1=Malin |last2=Newton |first2=Adrian C. |last3=Oldfield |first3=Sara |title=Scientists' warning to humanity on tree extinctions |journal=Plants, People, Planet |date=31 August 2022 |pages=ppp3.10314 |doi=10.1002/ppp3.10314 |s2cid=251991010 |language=en |issn=2572-2611|url=http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/37502/1/Plants%20People%20Planet_2022.pdf }}</ref> On 1 August, a study reports that over 60 years (1960–2019), "the global forest area [[deforestation|has declined]] by 81.7 million ha", concluding higher income nations need to reduce [[international trade|imports]] of tropical forest-related products and help with [[Forest transition#Causes|theoretically forest-related socioeconomic development]] and international policies.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=200 million acres of forest cover have been lost since 1960 |url=https://grist.org/science/forest-cover-deforestation-logging-1960/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Grist |date=5 August 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite journal ||last1=Estoque |first1=Ronald C |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Rajarshi |last3=Winkler |first3=Karina |last4=Avitabile |first4=Valerio |last5=Johnson |first5=Brian A |last6=Myint |first6=Soe W |last7=Gao |first7=Yan |last8=Ooba |first8=Makoto |last9=Murayama |first9=Yuji |last10=Lasco |first10=Rodel D |title=Spatiotemporal pattern of global forest change over the past 60 years and the forest transition theory |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=1 August 2022 |volume=17 |issue=8 |pages=084022 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac7df5 |bibcode=2022ERL....17h4022E |language=en |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref> **News outlets report [[artificial intelligence art]] has [[Midjourney#Uses|won]] the first place in a [[digital art]] competition.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=An AI-Generated Artwork Won First Place at a State Fair Fine Arts Competition, and Artists Are Pissed |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/bvmvqm/an-ai-generated-artwork-won-first-place-at-a-state-fair-fine-arts-competition-and-artists-are-pissed |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Vice |language=en}}</ref> Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as [[artistic style]] ([[Text-to-image model|text-to-image generation]]). Around the time<!--The weeks afterwards-->, an expert concludes that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean, a news outlet establishes that "AI-generated art booms" and reports about issues of copyright and automation of professional artists,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=As AI-generated art takes off - who really owns it? |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20220907094856-onbmp/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Thomson Reuters Foundation}}</ref> a news outlet investigates how [[online communities]] (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=Flooded with AI-generated images, some art communities ban them completely |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/09/flooded-with-ai-generated-images-some-art-communities-ban-them-completely/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=12 September 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref> a news outlet raised concerns over [[deepfake]]s,<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Wiggers |first1=Kyle |title=Deepfakes: Uncensored AI art model prompts ethics questions |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/08/24/deepfakes-for-all-uncensored-ai-art-model-prompts-ethics-questions/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=TechCrunch |date=24 August 2022}}</ref> a magazine highlights possibilities of enabling "new forms of [[Digital art|artistic]] expression",<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=AI is reshaping creativity, and maybe that's a good thing |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/art-photography/article/56770/1/cyborg-art-ai-text-to-image-art-reshaping-creativity-maybe-thats-not-a-bad-thing |website=[[Dazed]] |access-date=15 September 2022 |language=en |date=18 August 2022}}</ref> an editorial notes that it may be seen as a welcome {{tooltip|2=Examples may include e.g. enabling expansion of noncommercial niche genres by amateurs, novel low-barrier entertainment, novel imaginative childhood play, and increasing art-making accessibility and artistic output per effort or time – e.g. via generating drafts, inspirations, draft-refinitions, and image-components (inpainting)|"augmentation of human capability"}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=AI-generated art illustrates another problem with computers {{!}} John Naughton |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/aug/20/ai-art-artificial-intelligence-midjourney-dall-e-replacing-artists |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=September 2022}} Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-provided [[concept]]s (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s (2 Aug)<ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Gal |first1=Rinon |last2=Alaluf |first2=Yuval |last3=Atzmon |first3=Yuval |last4=Patashnik |first4=Or |last5=Bermano |first5=Amit H. |last6=Chechik |first6=Gal |last7=Cohen-Or |first7=Daniel |title=An Image is Worth One Word: Personalizing Text-to-Image Generation using Textual Inversion |date=2 August 2022|class=cs.CV |eprint=2208.01618 }}</ref> or expanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style (31 Aug)<ref>{{#invoke:cite news ||title=DALL-E can now help you imagine what's outside the frame of famous paintings |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/5/23337580/openai-dall-e-text-to-image-generator-outpainting-native-function |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=The Verge}}</ref> – are reported. On 22 August,<ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Stable Diffusion |url=https://github.com/CompVis/stable-diffusion |publisher=CompVis - Machine Vision and Learning LMU Munich |access-date=15 September 2022 |date=15 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="arstechnicasd"/> [[Stable Diffusion]] is released as [[free and open source software]]<!--, making the technology much more accessible and free to use on personal hardware as well as extendable by third-parties (i.e. other software projects)-->.<ref name="arstechnicasd">{{#invoke:cite news ||last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=With Stable Diffusion, you may never believe what you see online again |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/09/with-stable-diffusion-you-may-never-believe-what-you-see-online-again/ |access-date=15 September 2022 |work=Ars Technica |date=6 September 2022 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite web ||title=Stable Diffusion Public Release |url=https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release |website=Stability.Ai |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>
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